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AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF BEETLES

VOLUME 28, NUMBER 1

MARCH, 1974

THE 26

\Y 2 3 1974

COCCINELLIDAE: N. A. Chilocorini

by R. D. Gordon . . . . 1-6

CURCULIONIDAE: C. A. Pandeletius (Exmenetypus)

by A. T. Howden . .. . 7-16

CONONOTIDAE vs ANTHICIDAE: New interpretation of old observations by M. Abdullah . . - . - . 17-25

PROCEDURE: Outline Drawings by I. Moore

LAMPYRIDAE: Behavior of Nova Scotian Firefly, Photuris fa ire hi Id i

by L. Buschman . - . 27oWwf|RSI*nr OF ILUNOtS

CHAULIOGNATHIDAE: Zoogeography of 2 Neotropical Siblings

by G. W. Miskimen . . . - . 35-39

SCARABAEIDAE: Crab spiders preying on by D. T. Jennings . — - . 41-43

COCCINELLIDAE: New Mexican Cephaloscymnus

by R. D. Gordon . 45-48

BUPRESTIDAE: New Dicerca & notes

by Frank M. Beer . - . 49-50

TREASURER’S REPORT . . 51-52

COLEOPTERISTS NEWSLETTER

Ed. by C. W. O’Brien 32-34, 39-40, 43-44, 48, 50

Edited By: Robert E. Woodruff Mailing date for this issue: May 3, 1974

THE

COLEOPTERISTS

BULLETIN

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN

(Founded 1947 by Ross H. Arnett, Jr.)

The Coleopterists Bulletin is published quarterly, beginning in March, by the Coleopterists Society. All manuscripts, editorial questions, or business matters should be sent to the editor: Dr. Robert E. Woodruff, Florida Dept. Agr., Div. Plant Ind., P. 0. Box 1269, Gainesville, Florida 32601.

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Back Issues: At the present time the Society maintains no supplies of back issues prior to Volume 25. Earlier volumes may be supplied by previous publishers:

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The Coleopterists Newsletter is a mimeographed publication issued twice a year and mailed to all members of the Coleopterists Society regardless of whether they have a subscription to the Coleopterists Bulletin. News items and correspondence con¬ cerning the Newsletter should be sent to the editor: Dr. C. W. O’Brien, Lab. of Aquatic Entomology, Univ. P. O. Box 111, Florida A&M Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32307.

Notice to Authors

Manuscripts will be considered from any authors, although those from members of the Coleopterists Society will be given priority. It is suggested that all prospective authors join the Society. All manuscripts should conform to instructions in the Style Manual for Biological Journals (3rd Ed.) prepared by the Committee on Form and Style of the Conference of Biological Editors, and published by the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2000 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20063.

The following exceptions are noted: 1) All geographical names are to be spelled out, 2) use words, not symbols, for male and female, 3) use numerals throughout, except to begin a sentence, 4) entomology, -ical, -ist, etc. are to be abbreviated Ent. in literature citations.

Specimen label data should be listed in the following manner: MEXICO: State of Veracruz, Fortin de las Flores, 10-VIII-70, I. B. Jones, under bark of Pinus moctezumae, 7000ft. [USNM] (2). The number in parentheses indicates the number of specimens. Geographical names are listed in order with largest units first, with states,

Continued inside back cover

(Mailed under second-class permit at Gainesville, Florida. Postmaster: send form 3579 to editorial office— Dr. R. E. Woodruff, Florida Dept. Agr., Div. Plant Industry, P. O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32601).

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THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974 1

NOTES ON NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHILOCORINI (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF EXOCHOMUS FROM MEXICO

Robert D. Gordon

Systematic Entomology Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USD A1

Abstract

Brumus blumi Nunenmacher is transferred to Brumoides; Exochomus mormonicus Casey is treated as a synonym of E. aethiops (Bland); and Exochomus townsendi Casey is recorded for the first time from the United States. Exochomus decemnotatus and E. minutus are described as new.

Examination of specimens of Chilocorini in the Canadian National Collection [CNC] precipitated a further study of the black forms related to or resembling Exochomus aethiops (Bland). Casey (1908) described Exochomus mormonicus from Utah and E. townsendi from Chihuahua, Mexico, compar¬ ing them with the previously described E. aethiops. E. mormonicus was later treated as a subspecies or aberration of aethiops by Leng (1920) and

Fig. 1-2, habitus views: 1) Exochomus decemnotatus. 2) Exochomus minutus.

‘Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

2

GORDON: N.A. CHILOCORINI

Korschefsky (1931). My examination of genitalia plus the available informa¬ tion on geographic distribution indicates that mormonicus is a junior synonym of aethiops and cannot be maintained even as a subspecies (see synonymy below). The Mexican E. townsendi has not previously been reported from the U. S., but several specimens from Colorado labeled “ aethiops ” proved to be townsendi (see synonymy below). Nunenmacher (1934) described Brumus blumi from California and compared it with aethiops and mormonicus. My dissection of a paratype of Brumus blumi shows it to be a member of the genus Brumoides Chapin (1956). Nunenmacher (1934), following Korschefsky (1934), considered aethiops and mormonicus to belong in Brumus, but Chapin (1965) correctly included them in Exochomus (see synonymy below). Two new species of Exochomus were among the CNC specimens and are described below.

Thanks are due Miss Linda Heath for preparing the illustrations presented herein.

Exochomus aethiops (Bland)

Fig. 3, 4, 5

Coccinella aethiops Bland, 1864:72.

Exochomus marginipennis var. aethiops : Crotch, 1872-1873:377.

Exochomus aethiops : Casey, 1899:109.

Exochomus (Brumus) aethiops : Leng, 1908:41; Leng, 1920:217.

Brumus aethiops : Korschefsky, 1931:265; Hatch, 1961:163.

Exochomus (Exochomus) aethiops : Chapin, 1965:249.

Exochomus mormonicus Casey, 1908:411. New Synonym.

Exochomus (Brumus) aethiops a. mormonicus : Leng, 1920:217.

Brumus aethiops ab. mormonicus : Korschefsky, 1931:265.

Exochomus (Exochomus) mormonicus: Chapin, 1965:249.

This species occurs from western Kansas and Nebraska to the Pacific Coast and from Wyoming, Idaho, and southeastern Oregon south to Durango and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The solid black dorsal surface immediately distin¬ guishes aethiops from all related species except E. townsendi and Brumoides blumi (see comments under those species).

There are 4 type specimens of mormonicus in the Casey collection [USNM], all labeled “Marysvale, Ut., Aug., Wickham”, and bearing USNM type no. 35556. The first of these is here designated lectotype, the other 3 paralectotypes, labels are attached.

Exochomus townsendi Casey Fig. 6, 7, 8

Exochomus townsendi Casey, 1908:411; Korschefsky, 1931:264; Blackwelder, 1945:451.

E. townsendi was described from 2 males from Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua, Mexico, collected by Townsend. The first of these 2 specimens in the Casey Collection [USNM], bearing the type number 35557, is here designated as lectotype and the second specimen as paralectotype, labels are attached.

No specimens other than the type series have been seen from Mexico. Eight specimens of this species from Colorado have been examined. The following localities are apparently the first recorded subsequent to the original descrip¬ tion: Colorado: Gunnison Co., near Gunnison; Estes Park; Garland; Buena

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

3

Fig. 3-8, male genitalia: 3-5) Exochomus aethiops : 3) phallobase, lateral; 4) sipho; 5) tip of sipho enlarged, 6-8) Exochomus townsendi : 6) phallobase, lateral; 7) sipho; 8) tip of sipho enlarged.

4

GORDON: N.A. CHILOCORINI

Vista. The species probably occurs in Arizona and New Mexico but the records of this have probably been obscured by the mixing of townsendi specimens with series of the more abundant aethiops in collections.

At first glance aethiops and townsendi are extremely similar. E. townsendi has the lateral margin of the elytron less than half as strongly explanate as aethiops and in dorsal view the sides of the pronotum and elytron appear almost continuous in townsendi, definitely discontinuous in aethiops. The lateral margin of the elytron is also sinuate medially in townsendi, straight in aethiops. The form of townsendi is somewhat elongate, the form of aethiops is round. The male genitalia of townsendi have the parameres broader and the basal lobe relatively shorter and broader than the corresponding structures in aethiops (Fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).

Brumoides hlumi (Nunenmacher), n. comb.

Fig. 9

Brumus blumi Nunenmacher, 1934:114; Blackwelder, 1945:48.

Brumus blumi must now be placed in Brumoides Chapin because of the 8-segmented antennae. Brumoides is a North American genus. Brumus has 10-segmented antennae and is an Old World genus. Chapin (1965) did not examine specimens of blumi while preparing his excellent paper on chilocorine

Fig. 9-13, male genitalia: 9) Brumoides blumi, ventral view of phallobase; 10-12) Exochomus minutus: fig. 10, phallobase, ventral view; 11) phallobase, lateral view; 12) sipho; 13) tip of sipho enlarged.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

5

genera, thus he did not indicate to what genus blumi belonged. A paratype of blumi in the USNM collection was available for study.

B. blumi resembles E. townsendi in external appearance but has simple tarsal claws. The claws in species of Exochomus have a basal tooth or an¬ gulation. The male genitalia have the basal lobe symmetrical (Fig. 9) while it is asymmetrical in species of Exochomus.

All specimens of blumi examined have been from California, Contra Costa and Alameda counties. I am not aware of it having been recorded from anywhere other than California.

Exochomus (Exochomus) decemnotatus Gordon, new species

Fig. 1

Holotype: length 2.83 mm, greatest width 2.35 mm. Form rounded, slightly elongate, lateral margin of elytron feebly but distinctly explanate, discontinuous with pronotal margin in dorsal view. Color mostly • reddish yellow; pronotum with an irregularly oval, black spot at base at each side of midline; elytron with 4 black spots arranged in 2 transverse rows, first row just anterior to middle, second row on apical one-third, marginal bead with narrow piceous band (Fig. 1); pro-, meso- and metasterna and median area of first 2 abdominal sterna black. Head distinctly alutaceus with fine punctures separated by 3 to 5 times their diameter. Pronotum and elytron feebly alu¬ taceus, shining, with very fine punctures separated by 2 to 6 times their diameter. Epipleuron strongly descending externally with distinct, yellowish-white pubescence medially. Postcoxal line on first abdominal ster¬ num complete, extending beyond middle of sternum. Apical margin of fifth sternum rounded, not emarginate. Holotype: Female [CNC], Mexico: 5 mi. W. Durango, Durango, 11- VI- 1964, H. F. Howden.

The only species of Exochomus previously known from Mexico or Central America with a color pattern even remotely resembling that of decemnotatus is marginipennis LeConte. The pale pronotum and elytra with the delicate, sharply defined, black spots will separate decemnotatus from marginipennis. In addition, specimens of marginipennis are nearly always larger than the type of decemnotatus. The smallest specimen of marginipennis observed was 2.80 mm in length.

Exochomus (Exochomus) minutus Gordon, new species

Fig. 2, 10, 11, 12, 13

Holotype: length 2.37 mm, greatest width 2.05. Form rounded, slightly elongate, lateral margin of elytron feebly but distinctly explanate, discon¬ tinuous with pronotal margin in dorsal view. Head black except anterior clypeal margin narrowly piceous and labrum yellow; pronotum black except antero-lateral angles broadly yellow; elytron yellow with 4 black spots, first spot anterior to middle and outside of discal area, second spot on suture anterior to middle, third spot at middle of posterior one-third, fourth spot small, elongate, on suture in apical third (Fig. 2); ventral surface black except hypopleuron, epipleuron and lateral margin of abdominal sterna yellow, apices of tibiae and tarsi reddish brown. Head and pronotum finely alutaceus, head more strongly so, punctures fine, separated by 1 to 3 times their diameter on head, 2 to 6 times their diameter on pronotum. Elytron shining, feebly

6

GORDON: N.A. CHILOCORINI

alutaceus, punctures nearly invisible, separated by 2 to 6 times their diameter. Epipleuron strongly descending externally. Postcoxal line on first abdominal sternum complete, extending beyond middle of sternum. Apical margin of fifth sternum feebly emarginate medially. Genitalia with basal lobe shorter than paramere, asymmetrical, apex bluntly pointed; paramere narrowed above base, abruptly widened before middle (Fig. 10, 11); sipho strongly curved, slightly thickened in apical third, orifice lateral (Fig. 12, 13).

Holotype: male [CNC], Mexico: Oaxaca, 8000', km. 611-648, Rte 190, 30-VII-1962, H. E. Milliron.

Paratype: 1 male [USNM], Mexico: Oaxaca, Mitla, 6000', 28-VII-1962, H. E. Milliron.

This little species resembles some of the forms of E. marginipennis LeC. in color pattern. It is much smaller in size and the male genitalia are different. The dorsal color pattern of minutus actually resembles that of Zagreus ritchiei (Sicard) from Jamaica, except ritchiei has a small, black spot at the apex of the elytron.

References

Blackwelder, R. E. 1935. Fourth supplement 1933-1938 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. 146 p. Mount Vernon, New York.

Blackwelder, R. E. 1945. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 3. United States Nat. Mus. Bull. 185:1-188.

Bland, J. H. B. 1864. Descriptions of several new species of North American Coleoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 3:65-72.

Casey, T. L. 1899. A revision of the American Coccinellidae. J. New York Ent. Soc. 7:71-169.

Casey, T. L. 1908. Notes on the Coccinellidae. Canadian Ent. 40:393-421. Chapin, E. A. 1965. The genera of the Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. 133:229-271.

Crotch, G. R. 1872-1873. Revision of the Coccinellidae of the United States. Trans. American Ent. Soc. 4:363-382.

Hatch, M. H. 1961. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest, Part III: Pselaphidae and Diversicornia I. Univ. Washington Pub. Biol. 16:1-490. Korschefsky, R. 1931. Pars 118, Coccinellidae I. 16:1-224, in Coleopterorum Catalogus.

Leng, C. W. 1908. Notes on Coccinellidae. — III. J. New York Ent. Soc. 16:33-44.

Leng, C. W. 1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. 470 p. Mount Vernon, New York.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

7

THE PANDELETEIUS SUBGENUS EXMENETYPUS VOSS IN CENTRAL AMERICA (COLEOPTERA:CURCULIONIDAE, TANYMECINI)

Anne T. Howden

Research Associate, Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, KlS 5B6

Abstract

The Pandeleteius subgenus Exmenetypus Voss is defined and revised for Central America. Included are hieroglyphicus Champion from Costa Rica, opalescens (Faust) from Panama, and championi n. sp. from Guatemala.

The subgenus Exmenetypus was erected by Voss in 1954 for Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Champion, and, until now, this has remained the only species assigned to the subgenus. While working on a revision of Pandeleteius of Venezuela and Colombia, I discovered that the type series of Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Champion contains not 1 but 3 closely related species. Of these, the 2 specimens from Costa Rica are hieroglyphicus, the 7 specimens from Panama are opalescens (Faust), and the 3 specimens from Guatemala are a new species, which I am calling championi. Most of these specimens bear the notation “var.” or “var. worn” on the identification label, so Champion must have had reservations about their status even though this is not mentioned in his description.

Subgenus Exmenetypus Voss

Pandeleteius subgenus Exmenetypus Voss, 1954:227, 231. Howden, 1966:176.

Type-species. Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Champion, by monotypy.

Pandeleteius opalescens (Faust) and championi, new species, are now added to the subgenus. Six additional new species will be added from Venezuela and Colombia in my review of the Pandeleteius of those countries. Pandeleteius erubescens Champion and boops Champion, which Voss said probably belong to Exmenetypus, were removed from Pandeleteius to the genus A irosimus Howden (1966:176).

The subgenus is characterized as follows: Beak short; shorter from anterior edge of eyes than distance between eyes at their anterior edge; interantennal line closer to base than to apex. Beak apicad of glabrous interantennal line abruptly elevated, the elevated portion clothed with scales smaller, smoother and shinier than on the rest of the beak; epistoma carinate. Eyes prominent. Ocular vibrissae absent or vestigial. Pronotum produced anteriorly over head. Fore coxae very close, separated by no more than the greatest width of the scape in the male. Fore femur abruptly swollen, with or without granules on inner surface. Prosternum and fore coxae without long hairs. Anterior portion of ventrites 3, 4, and 5 slightly depressed in some species. Specimens often iridescent pale yellow.

Secondary characteristics include the following: Scrobe obliquely angled, tapered at its termination at or near ventral surface. Pronotum with basal and

8

A. HOWDEN: C.A. EXMENETYPUS

apical constrictions complete, sides rounded between constrictions, widest over fore coxae. Scutellum squamose. Middle and hind coxae glabrous. Hind corbel with a rudimentary semi-enclosing carina present in some species. Caudal edge of ventrites 2, 3, and 4 may be abruptly perpendicular.

The subgenus occurs in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela at elevations below 3000 feet. It is not known from the remainder of South America.

The metallic lustre is intraspecifically variable and may apply to the entire dorsum of the beetle. In this subgenus the spermatheca is so uniform as to be of little use for interspecific diagnosis, but the aedeagus is excellent. The beak has many important characters also.

Key to Central American Exmenetypus

1. Setae of alternate intervals of elytra more numerous and con¬ spicuous. Ventrite 5 of female grossly tumid. Tucurrique, Costa

Rica . hieroglyphicus Champ.

T. Setae of all intervals small, evenly distributed. Ventrite 5 of

female scarcely convex . . 2

2. Aedeagus with a median carina dorsally, its apex truncate. Hind

tibia of male hollowed on inner surface. Panama and Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela . opalescens (Faust)

2'. Aedeagus unmodified dorsally, its apex elongate, pointed. Hind

tibia of male at most slightly flattened. Guatemala .... championi n.sp.

Pandeleteius (Exmenetypus) hieroglyphicus Champion

(Fig. 1, 3, 9, 10, 12)

Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Champion, 1911:190. Voss, 1954:227, 231; How- den, 1966:176. Lectotype, here designated, female, “Tucurrique, Costa Rica”, “Coll. Schild & Burgdorf”, “TYPE” on red paper, handwritten label “Pan- deleteius hieroglyphicus Ch. type”, and my lectotype label [USNM].

Diagnosis: Ventrite 5 of female tumid (Fig. 12). Setae of alternate inter¬ vals of elytra very conspicuous, almost perpendicular at their bases, their apices strongly bent over and not touching surface, separated by 1 to 3 scales; setae of intervals 2, 4, and 6 sparse until apical third where they are separated by 3 to 5 scales.

Description: Males unknown. Females length 3.8, 3.9 mm, width 1.4 mm. Color and pattern as described and illustrated by Champion except no “opalescent whitish” scales. Very densely squamose.

Beak (Fig. 3) as described, 1.5 times wider between anterior edge of eyes than long; 0.83 times as wide at interantennal line as head between eyes. Epistoma occupying approximately three-fifths of anterior edge of beak, its apex reaching two-thirds to interantennal line. Antennal club slender, tapered at each end, 0.76 times as long as scape.

Prothorax (Fig. 1) 1.04 times longer than wide. Apical and basal constric¬ tions equal on sides, apex considerably produced apically (illustrations in Champion misleading), at median line basal constriction at about basal fifth, apical constriction at about apical third. Disc of pronotum with median line finely impressed; a vague transverse depression on either side of disc.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

9

Champion’s description of elytra very misleading and his illustration showing apex too short. Elytra (Fig. 1) 2.8 times longer than prothorax; across humeri approximately 1.3 times wider than thorax. Sides parallel for basal seventh thence gradually divergent to just beyond middle, thence gently convergent to apex; the apical terminus of intervals 4 to 6 produced arid conspicuous in dorsal view. Base slightly arcuately emarginate between striae 5. Intervals 2, 3, and 4 conjointly raised in a weak convexity on basal seventh. Intervals 3 and 5 slightly elevated and wider on median third where they are up to 6 scales wide. Intervals otherwise equal, narrow and very feebly convex on base and towards sides, flat on apical third. Strial punctures very fine, deepest behind basal swelling. Setae of intervals 1, 3, and 5 (Fig. 9) very conspicuous, almost perpendicular at their bases, their apices strongly bent over and not touching surface, separated by 1 to 3 scales. Setae of intervals 2, 4, and 6 absent or sparse, small and recumbent until apical third where they are separated by 3 to 5 scales and formed as neighboring setae. Scales of elytra (Fig. 10), especially towards apex, posteriorly imbricate and margined.

Fore femur 1.6 to 1.9 times wider than hind femur, without teeth or other modification on inner edge. Fore tibia with 6 or 7 moderate, acute, evenly distributed teeth on inner edge. Hind tibia flattened, without scales on inner surface distally. Hind corbel of lectotype with a brief, very faint carina oc¬ cupying approximately one-third of the distal width; carina more obsolete in paralectotype. Fore coxae separated by distance approximately equal to greatest width of scape. Ventrites 3 and 4 considerably elevated medially, slightly rounded to their posterior margins which are abruptly perpendicular medially to within 0.1 of sides; anteriorly gradually deflected to preceding segment, the area with scattered scales on segment 3, none on segment 4. Ventrite 5 (Fig. 12) with central two-thirds occupied by a gross tumidity highest apically; up to 3 scales on tumidity, otherwise clothed with only fine setae; as wide across base as long in lectotype, 1.75 times wider than long in paralectotype.

Type Material: Paralectotype, here designated, female, First 2 labels as lectotype, then “U.S. Nat. Mus. 1911-150”, “Cotype” circled in yellow, “ 9 ”, “B.C.A., Col., IV.pt. 3. Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Ch.”, “Sp. figured” and my paralectotype label [BMNH].

Champion designated the 2 females from Costa Rica as “the types”. He apparently considered the United States National Museum specimen “the type” in view of the label which I believe to be in his handwriting. Also in a statement in his introduction, p.vi, that he was indebted to the U. S. National Museum because they allowed him to keep cotypes, he apparently considered the specimen returned to them as the more important one.

The lectotype is missing the tarsus from the right hind leg, the tarsal claw from the left middle leg, and the left foreleg is broken off beyond the trochanter and mounted on the point with the beetle. The paralectotype is in nearly perfect condition, missing no parts.

Discussion: The species is known to date from only the 2 female specimens. The number of setae per interval on the disc of the elytra before the declivity on the paralectotype is as follows: interval 1: 16, 12; int. 2: 4, 5; int. 3: 17, 21; int. 4: 4, 6; int. 5: 14, 10 (partial count). Within the subgenus the grossly tumid ventrite 5 is unique, although other extreme modifications of the ab¬ domen occur in Venezuelan Exmenetypus. The characteristics of the elytral setae and larger size are the only other certain differences noted between

10

A. HOWDEN: C.A. EXMENETYPUS

Fig. 1-6. Pandeleteius (Exmenetypus) spp.: 1) hieroglyphicus, paralecto- type, dorsal view; 2) opalescens, Barro Colorado, profile head and beak; 3) hieroglyphicus , paralectotype, anterior view head and beak; 4) championi, allotype, anterior view of head and beak; 5) championi, allotype, ventrite 5; 6) opalescens, female, Barro Colorado, ventrite 5.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

11

Fig. 7-15. Pandeleteius (Exmenetypus) spp.: 7) championi, allotype, vesti- ture near middle of elytra at suture in profile; 8) opalescens, female, Barro Colorado, vestiture near middle of elytra at suture in profile; 9) hieroglyphicus, paralectotype, vestiture near middle of elytra at suture in profile; 10) hieroglyphicus, paralectotype, vestiture near middle of elytra at suture in dorsal view; 11) opalescens, male, Duaca, inner surface of hind tibia; 12) hieroglyphicus, paralectotype, ventrite 5; 13) championi, type, dorsal view; 14) opalescens, Duaca, aedeagus in three-quarters profile; 15) cham¬ pioni, type, aedeagus in three-quarters profile.

12

A. HOWDEN: C.A. EXMENETYPUS

hieroglyphicus and the related Central American species. Males may or may not have the hind tibia concave. The width of the elytral intervals and the number of teeth on the fore tibia may prove to be significant.

Voss (1954:231) listed hieroglyphicus from Peru based on a specimen in the Dresden museum. However, this needs verification since in the material I borrowed from Dresden there is no such specimen.

Pandeleteius (Exmenetypus) championi Howden, new species

(Fig. 4, 5, 7, 13, 15)

Diagnosis: Form of opalescens. Elytral setae very small and incons¬ picuous, scarcely arched, evenly distributed on all intervals. Inner surface of hind tibia of male without scales, with numerous setae, not at all hollowed, only slightly flattened. Aedeagus with apex simply attenuate, dorsal surface not sculptured. Ventrite 5 of female almost flat.

Description: Holotype, male (Fig. 13), length 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm. A slightly teneral specimen glued flat on a rectangular card, left hind leg glued to card separately, abdomen and aedeagus glued on point beneath beetle. Pale yellowish white marked with tan in a pattern similar to that of hieroglyphicus but reduced. Tan scales especially not always contiguous, but this partly due to teneral condition.

Beak widest at apex where it is as wide as head between eyes, narrowest at interantennal line where it is 1.1 times narrower than head between eyes. Beak

1.6 times shorter from anterior edge of eye than distance between eyes at their anterior edge. Interantennal line at basal fifth, biarcuate. Epistoma occupying approximately 0.5 of anterior edge of beak, its apex reaching 0.75 to interan¬ tennal line. Median line marked by an elongate interocular pit. Antennal club 0.75 times as long as scape.

Prothorax 1.04 times wider than long. Apical constriction at apical fourth, basal constriction at basal ninth along median line. No transverse or median impressions.

Elytra 2.4 times longer than prothorax, 1.1 times wider across humeri than across prothorax. Sides parallel for basal fifth, very slightly divergent to just beyond middle, thence rounded to apex, the apical terminus of intervals 4 to 6 scarcely entering outline. Intervals 3 and 4 conjointly obsoletely swollen on basal fifth. Intervals 1 and 2 narrow basally, width of 1 scale, rapidly becoming as wide as 2 scales; interval 2 before declivity as wide as 3 scales; interval 3 basally as wide as 3 scales, then widening to 4 scales; remaining intervals even, as wide as 2 to 3 scales; no intervals convex. In profile elytra slightly elevated from base to about middle; declivity at apical fifth oblique, its summit broadly rounded. Elytral setae (Fig. 7) very small and inconspicuous, recumbent, scarcely arched, approximately as long as 1 scale, evenly distributed on all intervals.

Separation of fore coxae not visible in type because of mount. Fore femur

1.7 times wider than hind femur. Left fore tibia with 6, right with 4 teeth on inner edge. Inner surface of hind tibia without scales, with numerous setae, not at all hollowed, only slightly flattened. Ventrite 4 only with posterior margin perpendicularly elevated, elevated by height of 1 scale. Ventrite 5 twice as wide across base as long, apex broadly rounded; moderately, evenly convex; as long as ventrite 2.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

13

Aedeagus (Fig. 15) as long as first 4.25 ventrites, dorsal surface without sculpture or modification at 54X; apex simple, elongate, pointed.

Allotype, female, length 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm. Specimen missing right middle leg beyond trochanter, left elytron dislodged and its humerus broken off; most scales present. Differs from type in the following respects: Head and beak (Fig. 4) extremely robust and possibly not typical of females. Beak 1.1 times wider between eyes than across widest part of apex, scarcely narrower at interantennal line. Surface of beak convex, “inflated” between interantennal line and frons; interocular pit shallow, squamose. Club 0.65 times as long as scape. Elytra 2.8 times longer than prothorax. Apical terminus of intervals 4 to 6 rounded, more evident in dorsal outline, apex slightly attenuate. Summit of declivity more abruptly rounded, situated at apical eleventh, declivity slightly concave. Fore coxae separated by approximately four-fifths the width of antennal club. Left fore tibia with 7, right with 4 teeth on inner edge. Ventrite 5 (Fig. 5) at base 1.6 times wider than long; obsoletely, evenly convex.

Type series: Holotype, male, Guatemala, Zapote, vibr. wanting, B.C.A., Col. IV pt. 3 Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Ch. var. [BMNH]. Allotype, female, same data as type [BMNH]. Paratypes: 1 female, same data as type [USNM].

Discussion: The female paratype has the same measurements as the allotype and is very much like it but is missing most of its dorsal scales. The beak of the paratype resembles that of the type except that the median line is glabrous and finely impressed to the interantennal line. Ventrite 5 is twice as wide as long.

This is the northernmost species of Exmenetypus and the simplest. Males may be separated by the simple aedeagus (dorsum not sculptured and apex simply pointed) and the scarcely modified hind tibia. Females may be separated from hieroglyphicus (the nearest species geographically) by the very inconspicuous, evenly distributed elytral setae and nearly flat ventrite 5. Females are very similar to those of opalescens but the setae are much less arched.

Pandeleteius (Exmenetypus) opalescens (Faust)

(Fig. 2, 6, 8,11, 14)

Menetypus opalescens Faust, 1892:2. Lectotype, here designated, male, with the following labels: “ $ Caracas Simon”, “opalescens Faust”, a 2 X 3 mm piece of gold paper, “Coll. J. Faust Ankauf 1900” on green paper, “Type” on red paper and my lectotype label [Dresden].

Diagnosis: Aedeagus with a dorsal median carina its full length; apex truncate. Hind tibia of male spatulate. Elytral setae unserial and equally distributed on all intervals; most setae curved in a high arch with their apices touching the surface.

Description: Males length 2.8 to 3.1 mm, width 1.1 mm; females length 3.0 to 3.4 mm, width 1.2 to 1.3 mm. Color opalescent or luminous yellowish with faint markings, or off-white with tan markings, or dark metallic browns. Markings as depicted for hieroglyphicus by Champion (Tab. 8, fig. 2) or reduced to disconnected spots. Scales of beak apicad of interantennal line opalescent or bright submetallic blue or green.

14

A. HOWDEN: C.A. EXMENETYPUS

Beak (Fig. 2) in both sexes approximately 1.6 times shorter from anterior edge of eye than distance between eyes at their anterior edge. Beak narrowest at interantennal line where in males it is 1.1 times narrower than head between eyes, in females 1.1 to 1.3 times narrower. Interantennal line at approximately basal fifth of beak, straight or slightly biarcuate, broadly glabrous, perpendicular or oblique. Epistoma occupying 0.5 to 0.66 of anterior edge of beak, its apex reaching 0.75 to interantennal line; posterior margin of epistoma marked by a strong carina, apex rounded or obtusely angled. Median line impressed from interantennal line to behind eyes. Frons with a pair of short, arcuate, transverse depressions between posterior half of eyes. Scape slightly bent ventrad and caudad just before its thickened apex. Antennal club averages 0.8 times as long as scape. Eye nearly hemispherical.

Prothorax usually as long as wide, longer in 3 specimens by up to 1.08 times. Median line unmarked; no transverse impressions.

Elytra of males 2.4 to 2.5 times longer than prothorax, elytra of females 2.4 to 2.7 times longer than prothorax. Elytra across humeri in both sexes usually 1.2 times wider than prothorax, ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 in both sexes, sides of elytra slightly divergent from base to about middle, thence very gradually rounded to apex; apical terminus of intervals 4 to 7 scarcely evident in dorsal outline in male, more evident in female. Intervals 1 and 2 narrow, basally width of 1 scale, gradually becoming as wide as 2 scales. Interval 3 distinctly wider and sometimes higher medially in both sexes. In profile elytra elevated from base to middle thence descending, broadly rounded to apex; summit of declivity ill-defined in male, slightly more evident in female. Setae (Fig. 8) mostly completely arched, slender, more conspicuous than in championi, approximately evenly distributed on the intervals, uniserial; each seta as long as 1 to 1.5 scales.

Fore coxae separated by distance less than or equal to greatest width of scape in male, equal to or wider than greatest width of scape in female. Fore femur of male 1.5 to 1.9 times wider than hind femur; fore femur of female 1.5 to 2.0 times wider than hind femur. Inner surface of fore femur on distal half often with granules. Inner edge of fore tibia with 3 to 6 (usually 4 or 5) teeth. Hind tibia of male (Fig. 11) with distal half of inner surface modified as follows: without scales, with a few long hairs, smooth and shiny, flattened, widened, obliquely hollowed before apex. Inner surface of middle tibia of male similarly modified but to a lesser extent. Middle and hind tibia of female modified to a lesser extent than in male, never widened, but glabrous and flattened.

Ventrite 5 of male slightly, evenly convex; apex truncate; with flattened margin narrow, complete; slightly longer than ventrite 2. Aedeagus (Fig. 14) with a dorsal median carina extending from orifice almost to base; apex flattened, truncate; four-fifths as long as abdomen.

Ventrite 5 of female (Fig. 6) similar to that of male but shorter than ventrite 2, apex narrowly to broadly truncate.

Type Material: Faust described opalescens from 2 males from Caracas. The lectotype is in good condition, missing only tarsal segments 2, 3, and 4 on the right hind leg; the aedeagus is mounted on a point glued to the same point on which the beetle is mounted. The paralectotype, here designated, is in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and bears the following labels: “Caracas”, “Museum Paris, Venezuela, E. Simon 1897”, “J. Faust, det. 1897”,

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

15

“Type” in handwriting as well as a mechanically printed label, and my paralectotype label.

Distribution: Elevations usually between 500 and 3000 feet in the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela and in Panama. Total number of specimens examined: 16. Panama: Canal Zone: 1 female, Barro Colorado, V-29, Darlington [MCZ]; Chiriqui: 1 male, 3 females, Bugaba, Champion (cotypes of hieroglyphicus, “var. worn” (1)) [BMNH, USNM]; 1 male, 2 females, Vol- can de Chiriqui, below 4000 feet (1), 25-4000 feet (2), Champion (cotypes of hieroglyphicus) [BMNH, Howden]. Venezuela: Aragua: 3 females, San Sebastian, 17-VIII-65, J. & B. Bechyne [UCV]; Distrito Federal?: 2 males, “Caracas” lectotype [Dresden], paralectotype, [Paris]; Lara: 1 male, 1 female, Duaca, 14-11-65, J. Bechyne [UCV]. Country Unknown: 1 female, “Columb. Moritz” (this label refers to Colombia or Venezuela (Horn and Kahle, 1936:182) and personal experience [Berlin].

Discussion: The more metallic or opalescent scales tend to be less sculp¬ tured than the nonmetallic white, brown, etc., scales. In the lectotype the majority of scales are decidedly opalescent which would account for Faust’s comment that the scales of the beak are the same as those apicad of the interantennal line. The description is accurate enough though not very de¬ tailed. The scales of the apex of the beak often reflect brilliant blue or green. One specimen from Volcan de Chiriqui has the arcuate frontal depressions obsolete and the eyes much larger and flatter than in the rest of the series. Two instances of additional elytral setae were observed, both in females on interval 3. The inner surface of the fore femur is distinctly granulate in most specimens including the lectotype; no granules are visible at 54X in 1 male and 1 female from Bugaba, 1 male from Chiriqui, and 1 male from Duaca.

The carinate, truncate aedeagus and spatulate hind tibia are the major distinguishing characteristics of opalescens males. The characters of the ely¬ tral setae (evenly distributed and usually completely arched) are also specifically distinctive. Females may be separated from hieroglyphicus by their flatter ventrite 5 and smaller size, but are difficult to separate from championi except geographically.

The northern limit of opalescens is apparently the Panama-Costa Rica border. In the forthcoming paper, several other species of Pandeleteius (s.s.) will be shown to have similar ranges in Central America and northern South America.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Richard Thompson, British Museum (Natural History) [BMNH], and R. E. Warner, United States National Museum [USNM], for the loan of type material of Pandeleteius hieroglyphicus Champion. The type material of opalescens (Faust) was kindly loaned by R. Hertel, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde [Dresden], and the paralectotype was made available for study by A. Descarpentries during my study at the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle [Paris]. Additional material was loaned by J. Bechyne, Universidad Central de Venezuela [UCV]; P. J. Darlington, Museum of Comparative Zoology [MCZ]; and F. Hieke, Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universitat [Berlin].

I thank L. E. C. Ling, Carleton University, for his infinite patience in taking the scanning electron microscope pictures of uncoated specimens.

16

A. HOWDEN: C.A. EXMENETYPUS

References Cited

Champion, George C. 1911. Otiorhynchinae Alatae. In Biologia Centrali- Americana, Coleoptera, 4(3): 178-354.

Faust, Johannes. 1892. Reise von E. Simon in Venezuela. Curculionidae.

Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 53:1-44 (Pars prima).

Horn, Walther, and Ilse Kahle. 1936. Uber entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen und Entomo-Museologie. Ent. Beihefte Berlin-Dahlem. 2:161-296.

Howden, Anne T. 1966. Airosimus, a new genus of Neotropical Tanymecini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 92:173-229.

Voss, Eduard. 1954. Curculionidae (Col.). Beitrage zur Fauna Perns. 4:193-376.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

17

MY CONCEPT OF THE BEETLE FAMILY CONONOTIDAE CROWSON = ANTHICIDAE (COLEOPTERA)— A NEW INTERPRETATION OF THE OLD OBSERVATIONS

Mohammad Abdullah1,2 3 Abstract*

Earlier authorities placed the heteromerous beetle genera Lagrioida Fairm. & Germ., Cononotus LeConte, and Agnathus Germar in Pythidae, Salpingidae, Lagriidae, Melandryidae, and Cononotidae and interpreted their similarities to Anthicidae as a result of convergence. They are undoubted anthicids, and Cononotidae Crowson (1953) is a junior synonym of Anthicidae Latreille (1825) (syn. n.). Lagrioida (as well as the other 2 genera) have the metacoxae widely separated (as in Anthicinae) and differ from all Eurygeniinae in this character as well as in having the first 2 visible abdominal sternites connate (unlike other subfamilies) and is therefore removed from Eurygeniinae, and placed in a new subfamily, Lagrioidinae Abdullah— a derivative group more or less intermediate between Eurygeniinae and Anthicinae. The known primitive and derivative characters are given along with a key to the world subfamilies of Anthicidae, and tribes (Lagrioidini, Agnathini, and Cononotini), genera and species of Lagrioidinae. A catalogue of Lagrioidinae (Anthicidae) is also given. I urge that a restriction or ban on descriptions of new species, proposed by several authorities, should be ex¬ tended to the descriptions of new families in Coleoptera and other groups.

Introduction

I had earlier treated the cicindelid beetles in a subfamily of Carabidae (Abdullah, 1969) following others but have later given them a distinct family (Cicindelidae) status (Abdullah, in press) before Mandl’s (1971) work was published and on my own assessment. On the other hand, in this work I shall be suppressing a family of Heteromera (Cucujoidea) and shall give my reasons for doing so. My concept of Heteromera is presented in earlier papers (Ab¬ dullah, 1964, 1969, in press, and Abdullah & Abdullah, 1966). The group Heteromera is monophyletic, distinguished primarily by the evolution of the heteromeroid aedeagus in the male which is an important phylogenetic character. To determine whether a certain cucujoid beetle is a member of Clavicornia or Heteromera check the aedeagus. If it is of the heteromeroid type (evolved from the cucujoid type by the loss of the ventral part of the ring-piece of the tegmen, leaving the lateral lobes or parameres attached to a dorsal basal-piece— analogous to the trilobe type of tegmen of the Das- cilloidea, etc., but with the tegmen dorsal and median lobe ventral in orien¬ tation) or derivable from it (such as the tegmen lateral or even ventral as in

'Senior Postdoctoral Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in West Germany, when this was written. Thanks are due to the Director, Dr. Walter Forster for space and research facilities, and Dr. Heinz Freudc for the specimens of Agnathus decoratus.

’Current address: 146 Sherwood St., Nottingham, England NG 1 4EF.

‘For a German translation of the abstract, see last page.

18

ABDULLAH: CONCEPT OF CONONOTIDAE

the Anthicidae, Monommidae, Zopheridae, etc.) then it is Heteromera. The Heteromera have evolved certain other characters: heteromeroid tarsi, trochanters, etc., but they do not all develop at the same time and are subject to secondary modifications (Abdullah, in press). It is possible to find a primi¬ tive group of Heteromera where the aedeagus is heteromeroid, and other features are still clavicorn. A phenetic classification based on “totality of their structure” (Crowson, 1967:106) will lead to false or unscientific conclusions.

A well-known example is the fossil bird, Archaeopteryx. Mayr (1963:596) wrote, “Archaeopteryx, the ‘missing link’ between reptiles and birds, is a typical pseudosuchian reptile in nearly all of its characters, but in its feathers it is like a modern bird.” There are more reptilian (ancestral) characters: 1) teeth, 2) free tail vertebrae (20), 3) ribs simple, without processus uncinati, 4) brain simple, with small cerebellum, 5) metacarpals free, 6) metatarsals free, 7) ilia and ischia separated. While the avian (derivative) characters are even less: 1) feathers, 2) furcula, 3) pelvis with backward pubes, 4) large eyes (Heberer, 1957). Those taxonomists who classify organisms on the “totality of their structure” (Crowson, 1967:106) will regard this primitive bird a member of Reptilia, while a phylogenetic systematist will not. Furthermore, “One of the oldest known amphibians, the stegocephalian Ichthyostega from the upper Devonian of Greenland, has as many (or more) fish characters as amphibian characters (Heberer, 1957:874; Jarvik, 1955)” (Mayr, 1963:596).

Systematic Position of Cononotidae

Crowson (1953:41,52) proposed the family name Cononotidae in the Heteromera, for the following 3 genera of Cucujoidea: Cononotus LeConte, 1851 from U.S.A., Agnathus Germar, 1825 from central Europe, and possibly Lagrioida Fairmaire & Germar, 1860 from Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chile. This brought them together for the first time within a family. Earlier authorities included Cononotus and Lagrioida in Pythidae or Melandryidae; for instance, Cononotus in the Pythidae by Hatch (1965), and in the Salpin- gidae by Arnett (1968), etc. Kaszab (1969) recently incorrectly treated Ag¬ nathus in Lagriidae, although he is correct when he writes, “Die Korperform erinnert an Anthiciden.” Crowson (1953:52) also stated “The affinities of the family [Cononotidae] seem to be to Salpingidae and Mycteridae on one hand and to the Anthicid group on the other.” On the one hand he is right and on the other wrong. The observations of the older authorities are correct but their interpretations are incorrect because when they place these genera in Lagriidae (or any other family) they interpret the similarities of the 3 genera to that group due to true (phylogenetic) relationships while attributing their similarities with Anthicidae to convergence. This is an error of judgment, or lack of theoretical ability to deduce phylogenetic relationship from the ob¬ served data, common among many practicing taxonomists which I want to emphasize. Crowson (1969:453) is critical of all “systematic workers” (not only D. G. Kissinger) who are capable of recognising ‘specific’, ‘generic’ and ‘tribal’ characters within a family as a result of their intensive study of a family (which among modern coleopterists includes almost everyone except Crowson) and who “When describing a series of taxa of the same rank, they try to refer every time to the same characters in the same order and with the same forms of words, and to provide strictly comparable illustrations for each of the taxa” . . . “Their systems are always presented as something complete,

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

19

coherent and closed; they do not draw attention to deficiencies in human knowledge, make predictions or suggest problems for future research.” Un¬ fortunately, those who think their system and mind is open rather than closed do not always make the best use of it, their practice is not always consistent with their theory, their judgment of those who differ from them at times reflects ignorance or deep-rooted prejudice of one kind or another rather than science.

Lagrioida species are typical anthicid beetles (although Champion, 1890 placed them in Melandryidae) but have the first 2 visible sternites connate which is a derivative feature for Anthicidae (sensu lato). The genus was placed in a separate tribe (Lagrioidini) in the subfamily Eurygeniinae of the Anthicidae (Abdullah & Abdullah, 1968). But now I give it subfamily status, since, unlike Eurygeniinae, the metacoxae are widely separated as in Anthicinae. The larva of the American Pergetus campanulatus of the tribe Eurygeniini is known, that of Lagrioida is not expected to be completely similar since the 2 genera (now placed in different subfamilies) were still placed in different tribes earlier. My studies of Heteromera have revealed that Anthicidae could have evolved from Pyrochroidae, Pyrochroidae from Pythidae, and Meloidae from Anthicidae (Abdullah, 1969). I do not think that Oedemeridae and Anthicidae could have evolved from each other, and no modern authority on Oedemeridae has reached this conclusion. However, Crowson (1967:135) wrote, “ . . . the genus Lagrioida (s. temperate regions) appears to link the present family [Oedemeridae] with Cononotidae and Anthicidae.” ‘Predictions’ and ‘hypotheses’ that ‘appear’ and ‘disappear,’ to workers such as this, should not be taken seriously unless they are based on sound judgment of scientific observations.

With the earlier transfer of Lagrioida to Anthicidae (in the subfamily Lagrioidinae) the Cononotidae of Crowson (1953) is now left with 2 genera: Cononotus and Agnathus. I have decided to place them together within a family on the basis of Crowson ’s (1953:52) statement . . . “The two genera seem to agree in all essential points of adult structure.” I had earlier attached more importance to the character of the middle coxal cavity (following Crowson, 1953) as to whether it is open by reaching the epimera or closed by the sterna when I recognized Cononotidae of Crowson as a family distinct from Anthicidae (Abdullah, 1964 & 1969); otherwise they are similar. In fact, Lagrioida, which was placed by Crowson (1953:52) in his Cononotidae, has open mesocoxal cavities while the other 2 genera have them closed according to Crowson (which is not true!). Does Crowson believe it is phylogenetically feasible to have the 2 conditions within the same family? I have not checked the middle coxal cavities in all the genera of Anthicidae and will not be surprised if some genera of Anthicidae and will not be surprised if some genera have them apparently closed or nearly so, secondarily. Under the circum¬ stances, I am prepared to accept the opening or near closure of the middle coxal cavities a polyphyletic and variable character. Cononotus and Agnathus are also transferred to the Anthicidae (s.l.) and Cononotidae becomes a junior synonym of Anthicidae (Latreille, 1825).

Characters of Lagrioidinae Abdullah, new subfamily

Within the Anthicidae, Cononotus and Agnathus cannot be placed in any of the earlier recognized subfamilies. They differ from Pedilinae and

20

ABDULLAH: CONCEPT OF CONONOTIDAE

Steropinae in having internally closed front coxal cavities (Crowson, 1953:40, couplet 13), although Arnett (1968:714) stated, “Procoxal cavities open behind”— probably meaning only visibly open in Cononotus; from Pedilinae, Steropinae, Macratriinae, Copobaeninae and Eurygeniinae in having widely separated metacoxae (Arnett, 1968:716 and Hatch, 1965:84, including my own observations on Agnathus decoratus ); from Steropinae and Anthicinae in having a wide or broad neck; from Pedilinae, Steropinae, Macratriinae, and some Anthicinae in having the parameres or lateral lobes of the tegmen fused throughout (Crowson, 1953:42, Fig. 143); and from Macratriinae in having the internal keel of hind coxa reduced to a narrow-based apophysis (Crowson, 1953:46, Fig. 152). I therefore place these genera in the new subfamily Lagrioidinae, with the first 2 visible abdominal sternites connate as a distin¬ guishing feature.

In my opinion the following are the primitive characters of the Lagrioidinae: neck wide (as in Pedilinae, Copobaeninae, Eurygeniinae, and ancestral families Pyrochroidae and Pythidae, etc.); mes-epistema meeting or nearly so in front of mesosternum (as in most anthicids except Macratria and Loubacantus)', and internal keel of hind coxa reduced to a narrow-based apophysis (as in all known anthicids except Macratria ).

The following are the derivative distinguishing characters of Lagrioidinae: apical segment of maxillary palp securiform (as in Loubacantus etc.); meso-coxal cavities nearly open; hind coxae widely separated by a broad process of the first visible abdominal sternite (as in Anthicinae); aedeagus with the lateral lobes or parameres fused throughout (as in Eurygeniinae or Copobaeninae etc.); and first 2 visible abdominal sternites connate (unlike any other known subfamilies). The subfamily Lagrioidinae is in certain respects intermediate between Eurygeniinae and Anthicinae, and is a derivative group on the whole.

Tribes of Lagrioidinae

Within the Lagrioidinae, it is possible to distinguish 3 tribes: 1) Lagrioidini for the winged Lagrioida, now removed from the Eurygeniinae, with the penultimate segment of the tarsi furnished with a long lobe on each side, these lobes only united at the base (Champion, 1890:122); 2) Cononotini for Cononotus, a derivative wingless group, adapted for dry life; and 3) Agnathini for Agnathus, a primitive winged group, adapted for life under bark. In the last 2 tribes the penultimate segments of the tarsi are not evidently bilobed. All the tribes have the first 2 visible abdominal sternites connate (unlike any other subfamily) and metacoxae widely separated (as in Anthicinae and unlike Eurygeniinae). When I noticed that Lagrioida is also reported to have the hind coxae widely separated as in Anthicinae (Champion, 1890:121), then I immediately recognized that the 3 genera belong to the same subfamily and cannot be placed in Eurygeniinae or any other known subfamily.

After this work was completed, Dr. Heinz Freude showed me 4 specimens of Agnathus decoratus, and we checked the middle coxal cavities. They are definitely open (as in other Anthicidae), although the meso- and meta-sterna come close together and the mes-epimera reach the meso-coxal cavities. Not only his interpretations but Crowson’s observations are sometimes incorrect. The meso-coxal cavities are clearly open in other subfamilies and nearly open in Lagrioidinae but they are not closed. Within the Anthicidae, the connation

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

21

of abdominal sternites forms a derivative monophyletic group (Lagrioidinae), although this character also has evolved polyphyletically elsewhere in the order Coleoptera.

Ban on New Families in Coleoptera

Crowson (1970:296) predicts that “The description of new species will inevitably form a continually decreasing proportion of the activity of system a t is ts”, and I hope that this will also apply to the description of new families in Coleoptera. If Oldroyd (1966:260) knew the practice of some authorities in my group, surely he would have made the plea for a ban on new families as well as new species: “It should be emphasised that the suggested ban would be on the description and naming on new species only. No one would be thereby prevented from studying species as much as he liked, making keys to them, studying their biology, life histories, early stages. Work done on clearing up known species, bringing them together into a synopsis, is infinitely more valuable than publishing the names of another dozen new species”.

A KEY TO THE WORLD SUBFAMILIES OF ANTHICIDAE

(Abdullah, 1969)

1. Hind coxae contiguous and not separated by a distance more than

the length of coxa . 2

T. Hind coxae widely separated by a distance more than the length

of coxa . 6

2(1). Neck narrow (width much less than half of head across tempora) .... 3 2'. Neck wide (width more than half that of head across tempora) . 4

3(2). Front coxal cavity open visibly and internally; internal keel of

hind coxa reduced to a narrow-based apophysis . Steropinae

3'. Front coxal cavity internally closed; internal keel of hind coxa

long and simple . Macratriinae

4(2'). Front coxal cavity open visibly and internally; aedeagus with

the lateral lobes separate at apex . Pedilinae

4'. Front coxal cavity internally closed; aedeagus with the lateral

lobes fused throughout . 5

5(4'). Pronotum rufous and not apically flanged; tarsal claws basally

toothed or simple; ovipositor with 2-segmented coxites -Copobaeninae

5'. Pronotum not rufous and apically flanged, if not flanged then galea palp-like; ovipositor usually without completely 2- segmented coxites . Eurygeniinae

6(1'). Neck wide; middle coxal cavities nearly open; first 2 visible ab¬ dominal sternites connate . Lagrioidinae Subfam. nov.

6'. Neck narrow; middle coxal cavities clearly open; all abdominal

sternites free . Anthicinae

22

ABDULLAH: CONCEPT OF CONONOTIDAE

A key to the world tribes, genera, and species of Lagrioidinae

(Van Dyke, 1939 for Cononotus-, offered tentatively)

1. Winged, penultimate tarsi almost simple (Europe) . . .

Agnathini; Agnathus Germar; A. decoratus (Germar)

1'. Winged, penultimate tarsi bilobed (New Zealand, Chili, Tas¬ mania) . . . Lagrioidini; Lagrioida Fairm. et Germ.

a) L. australis Champion (Tasmania; antennae short)

b) L. brouni Pascoe (New Zealand; antennae long, punctures coarse)

c) L. obscurella Fairm. & Germ. (Chili; antennae long)

1". Wingless, penultimate tarsi almost simple (U.S.A.) . Con-

onotini; Cononotus LeConte . . . 2

2. Punctures on elytra fine, dense, and irregular; 2.75-4.25 mm . . 3

2'. Punctures on elytra coarse and in regular rows.. . . . 5

3(2). Pubescence fine, sparse, not hiding surface sculpture below; pro-

notum as wide in front as long . . . . . . 4

3'. Pubescence dense, more or less hiding surface sculpture below; pronotum narrower in front than long; elytra elongate, ellipti¬ cal, nearly 2.5 times as long as broad; 4 mm (S. Arizona) . .

. C. bryanti Van Dyke

4(3). Head finely, sparsely punctate; antennal segments VII-X trans¬ verse; pronotum widest one-fourth distance from apex; elytra el¬ liptical, twice as long as broad, somewhat dull and with punc¬ tures moderately coarse and close in front and very fine behind; 2.75-3.25 mm (S. California) . . . . C. sericans LeConte

4'. Head coarsely, densely punctate; antennal segments all as long as, or longer than broad; pronotum broadest close to apex; elytra elongate elliptical, over twice as long as broad, somewhat shiningandwithpuncturesfineandsparse in front and very minute behind; 4.25 mm (Idaho) . . . . . C. lanchesteri Van Dyke

5(2'). Pubescence fine, sparse, not covering surface sculpture below . 6

5'. Pubescence dense; elytra elliptical, striae not impressed; 3 mm

(Owen’s Valley, California) . . . . C. macer Horn

6(5). Dark; elytral striae clearly impressed, elytra slightly broader

anteriorly; 2.5-3 mm (Los Angeles, California) .

. C. substriatus Van Dyke

6'. Testaceous, coloured; elytral striae not clearly impressed, elytra elliptical; 1.75-2 mm (Santa Clara & Alameda counties, California)... . . . . . . . . C. punctatus LeConte

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

23

World Catalogue of Lagrioidinae

Fam. Anthicidae Latreille, 1825 Cononotidae Crowson, 1953, Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:52

(New Synonymy)

Lagrioidinae Abdullah

Lagrioidini Abdullah & Abdullah, 1968, Ent. Mon. Mag. 104:73.

Batobiini (Lacconotinae-Pythidae), partim, Blair, 1928, Col. Cat. 99:29. Melandryidae (partim), Champion, 1890, Ent. Mon. Mag. (2)1:121; 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London:238.

Lagriidae (partim) auctorum.

Pythidae (partim) auctorum.

Salpingidae (partim) auctorum.

Cononotidae auctorum.

Tribe Lagrioidini

Genus Lagrioida Fairm. & Germ., 1860

Lagrioida Fairm. et Germ., 1860, Col. Chili: 3; 1863, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4)111:234; Champion, 1890, Ent. Mon. Mag. (2)1:121; 1916, Ent. Mon. Mag. (3)11:102; Seidlitz, 1917, Mon.:89(1153); Crowson, 1953, Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:52; Abdullah & Abdullah, 1968, Ent. Mon. Mag. 104:73 (in Anthicidae, tribe Lagrioidini).

L. australis Champion, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London :238. Tasmania.

L. brouni Pascoe, 1876, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) XVIIL58. New Zealand.

L. obscurella Fairm. & Germ., 1860, Col. Chili:4; 1863, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4) 111:235. Chili.

L. rufula Fairm. & Germ., 1860, Col. Chili: 4; 1863, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (4)111:235; Champion, 1895, Trans. Ent. Soc. London:238 (synonymy).

Chili.

Tribe Cononotini

Cononotini LeConte, 1862, Class. Col. N. America 1:254; LeConte & Horn, 1883, Class. Col. N. America 11:403; Seidlitz, 1917, Mon.:87(1151). Cononotinae Blair, 1928, Col. Cat. 99:28.

Cononotidae Crowson, 1953, Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:52 (41 key).

Genus Cononotus LeConte, 1851

Cononotus LeConte, 1851, Ann. Lyc. New York 5:137; Lacordaire, 1859, Gen. Col. 5:434; Horn, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:136; Blair, 1928, Col. Cat. 99:28; Crowson, 1953, Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:52.

C. bryanti Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:18. Arizona.

C. lanchesteri Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:19; Hatch, 1965, Beetles Pac. Northwest 4:87. Idaho, Utah.

C. macer Horn, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:136; Seidlitz, 1917, Mon.:87(1151); Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:20. California.

C. punctatus LeConte, 1851, Ann. Lyc. New York 5:138; Seidlitz, 1917, Mon.:87(1151). Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:20. California.

24

ABDULLAH: CONCEPT OF CONONOTIDAE

C. sericans LeConte, 1851, Ann. Lyc. New York 5:137; 1857, Ent. Report:51, PI. 2, Fig. 3; Lacordaire, Gen. Col. Atlas:Pl. 57, Fig. 2; Seidlitz, 1917, Mon.:87(1151). Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:20. California.

C. substriatus Van Dyke, 1928, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 23:258; Van Dyke, 1939, Pan-Pac. Ent. 15:20 (? striatus). California.

Tribe Agnathini Genus Agnathus Germar, 1825

Agnathus Germar, 1825, Fn. Ins. Eur., Fasc. 12:P1. 4; Crowson, 1953, Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:52; Kaszab, 1969 in Freude, Harde, & Lohse, Die Kaf. Mitteleur. 8:215.

Notoxus (partim), Germar, 1818, Magaz. d. Entom. 111:232 (“Megerle v. Miihlfed hat einen diesem entweder sehr ahnlichen, oder vielleicht gar denselben Kafer Agnathus ornatus genannt” for Notoxus decoratus Germar, but I have not yet found Miihlfed’s [or Miihlfeld’s] publica¬ tion!)

A. decoratus (Germar) 1818, Magaz. d. Entom. 111:229 (in Notoxus ); 1825, Fn. Ins. Eur., Fasc. 12: PI. 4 (in Agnathus)’, Kaszab, 1969, in Freude, Harde, & Lohse, Die Kaf. Mitteleur. 8:215. Europe.

Zusammenfassung

Friihere Autoren stellten die heteromeren Kafergattungen Lagrioida Fairm. et Germ., Cononotus LeConte und Agnathus Germar zu den Pythidae, Salpingidae, Lagriidae, Melandryidae und Cononotidae und interpretierten ihre Ahnlichkeiten mit den Anthicidae mehr als Resultat konvergenter Entwicklung als das phylogenetischer Verwandtschaft, was der Autor als falsch erkannt hat. Sie sind zweifellos Anthiciden und Cononotidae Crowson 1953 ist ein jiingeres Synonym fur Anthicidae Latreille 1825 (syn.n.). Bei den Lagrioida (wie auch den anderen beiden Gattungen) sind die Metacoxae weit voneinander getrennt (wie bei den Anthicinae) und sie unterscheiden sich in diesem Merkmal wie auch durch die (abweichend von den anderen Unter- familien) verwachsenen ersten beiden sichtbaren Abdominalsternite von alien Eurygeniinae. Sie werden deshalb aus den Eurygeniinae herausgenommen und in eine neue Unterfamilie Lagrioidinae Abdullah gestellt— eine abgelei- tete Gruppe, die mehr oder weniger zwischen den Eurygeniinae und Anthicinae steht. Zusammen mit den bekannten urspriinglichen und ab- geleiteten Merkmalen wird ein Schliissel zu den Unterfamilien der Anthicidae der Welt, den Tribus (Lagrioidini, Agnathini und Cononotini), Gattungen und Arten der Lagrioidinae vorgelegt. Auch ein Katalog der Lagrioidinae (Anthicidae) wird aufgestellt. Abschliessend drangt der Autor darauf, dass die von einigen Autoritaten vorgeschlagenen Einschrankungen oder Verbote in der Beschreibung neuer Arten auch auf die Beschreibung neuer Familien bei Kafern und anderen Gruppen ausgedehnt werden sollte.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

25

References

Abdullah, M. 1964. New heteromerous beetles (Coleoptera) from the Baltic amber of eastern Prussia and gum copal of Zanzibar. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London 116(3):329-346; 2 pi.

Abdullah, M. 1969. Conspectus of the current classification of Coleoptera with synonymies. Beitr. Ent. 19(3/6):683-685.

Abdullah, M. 1969. The natural classification of the family Anthicidae (Coleoptera) with some ecological and ethological observations. Deutsche Ent. Ztschr. 16(IV/V):323-366; 3 pi.

Abdullah, M. 1971. On the primitive and derivative characters of the families of beetles (Coleoptera). Beitr. Ent. 21(3/6):503-506.

Abdullah, M. 1972. The improvement of an existing modern classification in biology. Zool. Beitr. 18:in press.

Abdullah, M. (in press) The higher classification of the insect order Coleoptera including fossil records and a classified directory of the coleopterists and Coleoptera collections of the world.

Abdullah, M. (in press) The systematic position of Cisidae (Heteromera) including comments on this and other central European families of Cucujoidea (Coleoptera). Ms.

Abdullah, M., & A. Abdullah. 1966. Byturidae and Biphyllidae (Coleoptera), two primitive families of the Heteromera not the Clavicornia— a new interpretation of some old observations. Ent. News LXXVII (3):63-69.

Abdullah, M., & A. Abdullah. 1968. The taxonomic position of Lagrioida with a proposed new tribe of the Eurygeniinae (Col., Anthicidae). En¬ tomologist’s mon. Mag. 104:73-74.

Arnett, R. H. Jr. 1968. The beetles of the United States. Amer. Ent. Inst., Ann Arbor, xii + 1112 p.

Champion, G. C. 1890. On the true affinities of the heteromerous genus Lagrioida Fairmaire and Germain. Entomologist’s Mon. Mag. 26:121-122.

Crowson, R. A. 1953. The classification of the families of British Coleoptera. Ent. Mon. Mag. 89:37-59.

Crowson, R. A. 1967. The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. Classey Ltd., Middlesex, England. 187 p.

Crowson, R. A. 1969. Review. Syst. Zool. 18(4):450-454.

Crowson, R. A. 1970. Classification and biology. Heinemann Ed. Books Ltd., London. 350 p.

Hatch, M. H. 1965. Family Pythidae. In The beetles of the Pacific Northwest IV. University of Washington Press, Seattle, p. 84-88.

Heberer, G. 1954-1959. ed. Die Evolution der Organismen, G. Fischer, Stuttgart.

Jarvik, E. 1955. The oldest tetrapods and their forerunners. Sci. Monthly 80:141-154.

Kaszab, Z. 1969. In Freude, H., K. W. Harde, & G. A. Lohse (eds.). Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, Band 8. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 3 88 p.

LeConte, J. L. 1862. Classification of Coleoptera of North America I. Smithsonian Misc. Colin., Washington. 178 p.

Mandl, K. 1971. Wiederherstellung des Familienstatus der Cicindelidae (Coleoptera). Beitr. Ent. 21:507-508.

Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass, xiv + 797 p.

Oldroyd, H. 1966. The future of taxonomic entomology. Syst. Zool. 15(4):253-260.

Van-Dyke, E. C. 1939. New species and subspecies of west American Coleoptera. Pan-Pacific Ent. 15:15-20.

26

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

A METHOD FOR PRODUCING ACCURATELY PROPORTIONED OUTLINE DRAWINGS

OF INSECTS

Ian Moore

Division of Biological Control

Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station University of California, Riverside, CA

Outline drawings can be one of the most useful aids to identification of insects whether they be in manuals or in generic revisions. Some people have a natural ability to draw accurately proportional outlines. Most of us lack this facility.

A number of devices are used to overcome the natural inability to get good outlines by freehand. One of these is the effective but tedious use of quadrilled paper in conjunction with a ruled ocular in the microscope. Very good results can be achieved with this method, but it is time consuming. The drawbacks to the camera-lucida are apparent to anyone who has used one. The use of the drawing tube microscope attachment is limited to slide mounts for satisfac¬ tory results.

The following technique has proved to be reasonably fast and accurate with both large and small specimens. It requires a Polaroid Automatic 350 Land camera with the necessary attachments and adaptors for an ordinary dissecting microscope. The advantage of the Polaroid camera is that the first picture is developed in a matter of seconds. If additional photos are required, the specimen may at once be repositioned or the light adjusted if necessary for a sharper, better defined picture. My photographic technique is so poor that I have yet to produce a photograph suitable for reproduction in itself, but I can get a good outline of the insect after 1 or 2 attempts. The photo is enlarged to the appropriate size, and an outline drawing in pencil is made on tracing paper. Then, using a tracing table, an ultimate outline drawing, again is made in pencil on quality drawing paper from the first tracing. The last step is inking the drawing.

Throughout this process, the correct proportion of the various parts of the insect are maintained. Details can be filled in if so desired by those who have the artistic ability to do so.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

27

FLASH BEHAVIOR OF A NOVA SCOTIAN FIREFLY, PHOTURIS FAIRCHILDI BARBER, DURING COURTSHIP AND AGGRESSIVE MIMICRY (COLEOPTERA, LAMPYRIDAE)1

Lawrent L. Buschman

Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601

Abstract

Photuris fairchildi Barber was the only Photuris firefly found in Nova Scotia and was common in most moist habitats. Males usually produced single flashes, but in some localities they produced 3- and 4-pulsed flash patterns; flash patterns of individual males varied from 1 to 6 flashes but the pause (time from end of one flash pattern to the beginning of the next) was relatively constant (2.4 to 2.6 sec). Females answered male flash patterns at delays of about 1.5 sec. As the male approached the female, the number of flashes in each male flash pattern and in each female response increased and the flashing of both soon became continuous. The entire dialogue lasted 10-20 sec. Females also answered flashes of other fireflies: Pyractomena linearis Leconte, Pyractomena borealis (Randall) and Photinus ardens LeConte and ate those attracted (aggressive mimicry). Aggressive mimic responses were single flashes and Photuris males apparently avoided their predatory females by landing only for responses that include a series of flashes.

Introduction

Barber (1951) believed that flash behavior of Photuris fireflies was species specific and described a number of new species, including Photuris fairchildi, largely on this basis. Subsequently, flash signals were found to function in courtship (pair formation) and they reproductively isolated different firefly species (Lloyd 1966). Most North American fireflies use flash-answer com¬ munication in courtship (Lloyd 1971). However, the flash communication utilized by Photuris fireflies in courtship is still largely a mystery. Courtship flashing in Photuris divisa LeConte involved flash-answer signals (Buschman 1972). Females of many other Photuris species utilize flash-answer signals to attract males of other firefly species and prey on those attracted (aggressive mimicry, Lloyd 1965; 1973). Courtship flashing has not yet been reported in these fireflies. In this paper I describe the flash behavior of Photuris fairchildi during courtship and during aggressive mimicry.

These observations were made during the summers of 1968 and 1969 in the vicinity of Bridgewater, Lunenburg Co., Nova Scotia. Photuris fireflies were also noted in Kings, Halifax and Colchester counties. They were common in moist habitats such as marshes and spruce forests. Adults were observed from mid June to late July.

'University of Florida Journal Series No. 4935.

28

BUSCHMAN: BEHAVIOR OF PHOTURIS FAIRCHILDI

Taxonomic Considerations

Initial observations suggested that there might be several species of Pho- turis fireflies in Nova Scotia. Several flash patterns were observed in different localities and among individuals within these populations. The flash patterns included 1 to 6 flashes and were repeated about every 2.5 sec. However, the following observations indicated that there was only 1 species, Photuris fairchildi : 1) I found no correlation between flash pattern and kind of habitat or geographic distribution. 2) The flashing repertoire of individual fireflies often included most of the flash patterns observed at that location. The following is a list of the number of pulses per flash pattern observed in individual fireflies: 1 only; 1 and 2; 1, 2 and 3; 1, 2 and 4; 2 and 3; 3 only; 3 and 4; 4 only; 4 and 5; 6 only (this list was compiled from several localities). In addition the number of flashes often increased as the male approached an answering female or flashlight (described below). 3) Analysis of flash patterns revealed that the pause (time from the end of one flash pattern to the begin¬ ning of the next) was fairly constant (see Table I). For example: when the duration (time between first and last flash of a flash pattern) of 3-pulsed flash patterns (0.82 sec) is subtracted from the interval (time from first flash of one flash pattern to the first flash of the next) following 3-pulsed flash patterns (3.3 sec) the remainder or pause (2.48 sec) is about equal to the pause or interval between single pulsed flash patterns (2.38 sec). Comparison (by analysis of variance and Scheffe’s test) of the intervals following similar flash patterns by different individual fireflies revealed no significant difference (

= .05). 4) The flash exchange between male and female leading to copulation was observed for single and 4-pulsing fireflies. I observed no differences in the dialogue beyond the initial difference in flash pattern (described below).

Photuris fairchildi was described from specimens and observations sent from Baddeck, Nova Scotia, by Graham Fairchild (Barber 1951). My obser¬ vations agree with those of Fairchild (Barber 1951): “they were caught over marshy ground” and “they fly rapidly and emit two medium flashes separated by an interval about twice as long as one flash, but . . . the flashing [teas] not very regular” (emphasis mine). I did not find any populations in which double flashes predominated; however, the variability I observed would suggest that such populations probably occur.

The behavior of 2 fireflies was unusual but I lacked sufficient data to determine if they were Photuris fairchildi. In Bridgewater and near Middle Musquodoboit I observed single males producing 6-pulsed flash patterns in demes where single pulsed flash patterns were common. This was atypical because all other 4- or 5-pulsed flash patterns were observed in predominantly triple pulsing populations.

Courtship Flashing

The flash exchange between male and female leading to copulation was observed on 2 occasions. First, in a locality in which most males were producing single flashes, a flying male flashing at 3.0 and 2.8 sec intervals received a response flash from the vegetation about 10 ft away. The response was a single flash at a delay of about 1.5 sec. The male turned, flew in the direction of the response and flashed again. He received a similar response. The next male flash pattern had 2 flashes, the second being dimmer than the

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

29

first. The male landed about a foot from the female and produced a 3-pulsed, then a 4-pulsed flash pattern as he moved toward the female. At the same time the number of flashes in the female response increased each time. The number of flashes produced by each increased until they were both flashing at the same time and I could no longer detect a response interval; the flashing was nearly continuous. They met under a leaf and stopped flashing. When I turned the leaf over, they fell to the ground in copulation, male dorsal to the female. A second male nearby began flashing and climbing around during this exchange in a manner similar to the first male. Later in the same vicinity another male and female exchanged flashes as described above except, that after the male landed and approached, the female response decreased and she began moving about; they did not meet. The second observation of flash exchange leading to copulation was in a location where most males were flashing 3 or 4 pulsed flash patterns. A male producing 4 pulses received a response flash from the vegetation 2 ft below him. The next male flash pat¬ tern was a long series of flashes. The female began flashing during this series of flashes and both were flashing continuously when the male landed about 0.5 inch from the female and mounted her. The whole sequence took less than 10 sec. On another occasion in this location, flash exchanges were observed between 2 flying fireflies. Again the number of flashes each produced increased as they approached each other. They flew to a tree and landed. I was unable to collect this pair to confirm mating or sexes.

Male Photuris fireflies were observed to approach random, repeated or answering flashlight flashes and both male and female Photuris flashes. Sometimes they would land and climb onto an answering flashlight, but more often they would approach, hover several feet away and repeat the flash pattern several times before flying away. As males approached a source of

Table I: Characteristics of male Photuris fairchildi flash patterns. Measurements were obtained by following individual fireflies and verbally recording their flashes with a tape recorder. The duration (time between first and last flash of a flash pattern) and the interval (time from first flash of one flash pattern to the first flash of the next) were later measured from the tape playback using a stopwatch. These measurements were then grouped accord¬ ing to the number of flashes in the first flash pattern. The pause (time from the end of 1 flash pattern to the beginning of the next) was obtained by subtract¬ ing the duration from the respective interval. Thirteen of 29 fireflies produced more than 1 kind of flash pattern.

Flash no. per flash pattern	interval (sec)	no. of measure¬ ments	duration	no. of measure¬ ments	pause (sec)
1	2.38*	148			2.38
2	2.97*	34	.57*	3	2.40
3	3.30*	74	.82*	54	2.48
4	3.55	25	.95*	21	2.60

*significantly different a = .05 (analysis of variance and Scheffe’s test)

30

BUSCHMAN: BEHAVIOR OF PHOTURIS FAIRCHILDI

flashes the number of flashes per flash pattern often increased: in single¬ flashing demes they became 2 pulsed, in triple-flashing demes they became 4 or 5 pulsed. One evening I succeeded in attracting a number of males to a flashlight which I held in the grass. When I removed the flashlight the flashing of these males attracted several other flying males. Both males and females produced repeated single flashes when handled and in other contexts.

Aggressive Mimicry

Females of Photuris fairchildi are aggressive mimics; they answer the flash signals of males of other species of fireflies mimicking their female signals and preying on those they attract. This behavior has been observed in other species of Photuris (Lloyd 1965; 1973). Several times I found Photuris females holding or standing near chewed-up males of Pyractomena linearis and Pyractomena borealis. The female responses of these 2 species are single flashes at response intervals of about 1.5 and 1 sec respectively. Photuris females commonly answered flashlight signals with single flashes (rarely more than 1) and at response intervals varying from 0.8 to over 4 sec but usually 1 to 1.5 sec. One evening I received several flash responses (at about 1 to 1.5 sec delays) from a Photuris female perched on a roadside plant. I left for a short time. When I returned I noted some erratic flashes from this plant. On investigation I found the female holding a newly captured male Pyractomena borealis. On another occasion I noted flash exchanges in the grass. A female answered the male with single flashes at short delays (1 to 1.5 sec) while he crawled toward her. When the flashing stopped I investigated and found a Photuris female holding a male Pyractomena linearis. Another evening a male Photinus ardens was flying over a grassy meadow producing a slow triple flash pattern. He received a response flash from the grass about 2 sec after his last flash and then landed. I turned on my flashlight expecting to collect a female Photinus ardens but found a Photuris female instead.

Sometimes Photuris females answered Photuris male flashes with single flashes but did not increase the number of flashes in succeeding responses. The male would hover, repeat his flash signal several times, then fly away. These females may have been aggressive females. The Photuris males apparently will not land unless the female response changes to a series of flashes.

Discussion

Courtship flash communication among Photuris fireflies has rarely been observed and remains a mystery in most species. Williams (1917) and Hess (1920) were convinced that flash communication was involved in courtship of Photuris fireflies, but they could not detect flash-answer communication as they did in other American fireflies. Flash-answer communication was later observed in Photuris divisa LeConte (Buschman 1972). In this species the female answered the male flash pattern with 1-6 pulses at a response interval of about 1.5 sec. Male Photuris fireflies of as many as 15 species (including Photuris fairchildi) can be attracted to answering flashlight signals (J. E. Lloyd, personal communication). In Photuris fairchildi the courtship flashing appeared to begin with flash-answer signals but then shifted to con¬ tinuous flashing. Continuous flashing during courtship was also observed in other Photuris species by Hess (1920) and Barber (1951). Hess stated that “both continued to flash actively,” and Barber stated that there was a

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

31

“quickened repetition of the male’s signals as he approached [the female] in a long oblique descent.” The communicative parameters of these courtship exchanges are still not understood but flash-answer signals appear to be involved.

An understanding of courtship communication in Photuris fireflies is complicated by the fact that females of many species (e.g., Photuris versicolor and Photuris fairchildi) are aggressive mimics. Aggressive mimicry raises several questions about the flash behavior of these fireflies. Do aggressive mimics use their own courtship signals to attract prey? Do they prey on their own males as well as the males of other species? My observations indicate that in Photuris fairchildi the flash signals differ in the 2 situations. During aggressive mimicry the Photuris female answers males with single flashes usually at response intervals of 1 to 1.5 sec. During courtship the first female response may also be a single flash at a response interval of 1 to 1.5 sec but the number of flashes in her response increases as the dialogue proceeds until she appears to be flashing continuously. Photuris males will approach many kinds of flashes, but they apparently are less likely to land if the responses remain single flashes. They apparently can avoid predatory females by landing only for responses including a series of flashes. I have not observed Photuris females preying on males of their own species except in captivity, although J. E. Lloyd found a female Photuris eating a male Photuris in a site in northern Michigan where presumably only 1 species ( Photuris fairchildi ?, JEL det.) occurs (personal communication).

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Barry Wright of the Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Canada, and Alfred Wehrmaker of Delhousie University, Halifax, Canada, for assistance during this research. J. E. Lloyd, T. J. Walker, and J. J. Whitesell of the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, and Edward Farnworth of the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, provided useful criticism of the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Barber, H. S. 1951. North American fireflies of the genus Photuris. Smith¬ sonian Misc. Collections 117:1-58.

Buschman, L. L. 1972. Flash communication in the firefly Photuris divisa.

(Coleoptera: Lampyridae). Ent. News 83:159-164.

Hess, W. N. 1920. Notes on the biology of some common Lampyridae. Biol. Bull. 38:39-76.

Lloyd, J. E. 1965. Aggressive mimicry in Photuris : Firefly femmes fatales. Science 149:653-654.

Lloyd, J. E. 1966. Studies on the flash communication system in Photinus fireflies. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. 130:1-99.

Lloyd, J. E. 1971. Bioluminescent communication in insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 16*97-122

Lloyd, J. E. 1973. Firefly parasites and predators. Coleop. Bull. 27(2):91-106. Williams, F. X. 1917. Notes on the life-history of some North American Lampyridae. J. New York Ent. Soc. 25:11-33.

32

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

Number 12

THE
COLEOPTERISTS
NEWSLETTER	March, 1974

Editor: Charles W. O’Brien, Univ. P. O. Box 111, Florida A and M

University, Tallahassee, FL 32307

MINUTES OF ANNUAL MEETING

The sixth annual meeting of the Coleopterists Society was held November 28, 1973, at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Dallas. President George Ball wel¬ comed members and reminded them that the society was reconstituted in Dallas 6 years ago through the efforts of Lee Herman and Tommy Allen. Copies of the agenda were distributed. That numbering system is followed in the minutes.

1. Lois O’Brien was appointed secretary pro-tem.

2. The minutes of the 1972 meeting were accepted as published in the Newsletter No. 8, January 1973.

3. Business arising from the minutes.

3.1 Publications Committee (Arnett, Woodruff, O’Brien). Charles O’Brien reported on the possibility of purchasing the stock of the first 24 volumes of the Coleopterists Bulletin. Volumes 1-3 are out of print. Volumes 4-20 are held in part by a private individual and part by Catholic University. Volumes 21-24 are held by Purdue University until such time as they recoup their expenses by selling back issues. At that time they are to be turned over to the Society. These interests will sell the volumes to the society for $2,000, but we would receive only 8 complete sets of 4-24 and 37 complete sets of 5-24. In addition to the cost of purchase, some place of storage would be needed. Bob Woodruff would permit an aluminum storage shed to be erected in his yard at the Society’s expense, but it would not be air-conditioned, which is almost a necessity with the humidity in Florida. Volumes 1-3 (240 p.) could be reprinted at a cost of $1,440 to us and stored or we could authorize someone such as Xerox University Microfilms to make volumes 1-3 available, at a 15% royalty to the Society. O’Brien moved that the executive committee be empowered to approach and authorize a reprint specialist to arrange for their type of publication of the earlier sets. Herman seconded. Harley Brown amended to read that the executive seek the best source to make reprints available on demand. Howden seconded. Motion carried to amend. Motion carried as amended.

3.2 Field Trip Committee (Burke, Gibson, Murray). Horace Burke reported that 26 people will leave Thursday for Welder Wildlife Refuge, Sinton, Texas staying until Monday. They were to meet after this meeting to form car pools and plan travel routes.

3.3 Constitutional Changes. The ballots for the changes proposed last year for the length of term of office were accidentally omitted from the ballot for officers. They will be sent separately soon.

4. Business arising from the Executive meeting, November 26, 1973. (Wenzel, Burke, Erwin, Lawrence, Ball).

4.1 The Finance ad hoc committee (Erwin, Spilman, Spangler, King- solver) proposed to the executive committee that the excess funds of the society be used as follows: that one year’s reserve be kept (for this year $5,000,

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

33

half in savings, half checking) and that anything over this be used to increase the size of the bulletin. Hopefully this year the bulletin would have an addi¬ tional $1,000 to spend. The executive committee approved. The members present approved.

4.2 Spilman had asked the executive committee to approve the selection of honorary or distinguished members. The executive recommends no additional classes of membership. Henry Howden suggested for executive consideration the possibility of including a class of emeritus members.

4.3 Woodruff had suggested organizing a trip to Mexico of one month duration, with the society buying a bus which could be stored in Gainesville between trips. The executive thought this too complicated and recommended that members use the Newsletter to organize group trips.

Howden reported that a group is leaving Ottawa for the Amazon February 22 to March 3 at a cost per person of $500. Contact him for further details.

4.4 Woodruff had suggested that the 1974 meeting perhaps be held in summer. The executive recommended it continue to be held with the annual meeting of the E.S.A. as people might have difficulty getting funds for more than one trip. Valentine moved that the Coleopterists Society meet with the E.S.A. for 1974. Murray seconded. Motion passed. Ball suggested that perhaps in 1976 we might meet with the International Congress of Entomology in Washington rather than the E.S.A. in Hawaii.

4.5 Lois O’Brien had requested that the executive consider nominating 3 members to the councils of the Association for Systematic Collections. Three amateurs were nominated as it was thought that this might be the only way for amateurs to be represented. Two refused. The third’s nomination is being held in abeyance as the council was filled. President Ball recommended that each year someone be nominated to these councils.

4.6 J. Howard Frank proposed that the Society prepare a color code for Coleopterists and use it in our publications. The executive approved but asked him to explain. He reported that the standard reference codes (Ridgway’s, which the ornithologists use, Munsell Color Chart, the U. S. Bureau of Stds. Chart, 1928, and Seguy Color Standards) are out of print or very expensive. Several people reported that Scott’s Color Key, used for stamp collecting, was inexpensive ($6 to $8), but good, but warned that the $.50 versions of the same chart varied from card to card. Frank proposed that a paint company be approached and asked to print color chips of the colors we might use. [Ed. note: In later discussion he used the analogy of trying to write a scientific paper with a very imprecise knowledge of the English language and no dic¬ tionary.] The executive committee will ask the next executive to take it under advisement and report in the Newsletter.

5. Reports of officers.

5.1 President Ball. It was a quiet year with a brilliantly responsive execu¬ tive committee which was used only sparingly. The issues considered were constitutional amendments, incorporation of the Newsletter into the Bulle¬ tin, length of time for delinquent members to pay dues, and the items reported from the executive meeting. Ad-hoc committees established were those reported upon here, the publications committee, field trip committee, finance committee, an organization committee for the Boulder meetings (Erwin and Ball) and a scientific program committee-Dallas meeting (Lawrence).

A notable event was the First International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, at Boulder, Colorado, August, 1973. It was first class and one of the best Congresses I ever attended with excellent planning, papers, discussion groups, informal meetings, and field trips.

It had been suggested by members present at the annual meeting in Mon¬ treal that the Coleopterists Society organize a discussion group, with the view to getting together the coleopterists at the meeting. It was hoped that a lot of people would be present from overseas, and we could have a general exchange

34

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

of views. Terry Erwin and George Ball organized a Coleopterists gathering, on behalf of the Coleopterists Society. They also organized a discussion group for carabid specialists.

At the Coleopterists Gathering, mis-termed a business meeting of the Coleopterists Society, about 30 people were present. Items presented or dis¬ cussed were: membership list of the Society, presented by Erwin; preliminary report on plans for the Field Trip to the Welder Refuge, by Bob Murray; aspects of the North American Beetle Fauna Project; Quaternary beetle fossils, by Alan Ashworth; coleopterous larvae and classification, by Dave Kavanaugh and Henri Goulet; information storage and retrieval systems for data on Coleoptera, by Erwin; report on the ASC meetings by Lois O’Brien, and a request that the Society nominate members for standing councils of ASC.

The carabid specialists meeting was attended by 22 people, most of whom worked on other groups, but were made honorary ad hoc carabid specialists. Invitations were sent to many European workers, but none attended. The meeting began with a rambling, disjointed account of the history of study of carabids, as a background for consideration of the present-day state of the art. Then, there was a show and tell session, at which members explained what they were doing. Time was spent on discussion of higher classification, with special reference to the question of what to do with the tiger beetles— in or out of the Carabidae. This led to a more general discussion of higher classification, its methods and aims. Ashworth again reported on some of his work with fossil carabids.

Although the objective to meet with coleopterists from outside the North American continent was not fully realized (actually, a few were there: Dr. Wittmer from Basle, Switzerland), the sessions explored a number of facets of coleopterology, and were thoroughly enjoyable. In fact, the Chairman had a most difficult task of persuading the members at the gatherings that they had had enough when the hour grew late, and that they should consider adjourn¬ ment. One member of the organizing committee from the University of Colorado who attended our sessions rated them very highly.

In addition to attending the formal meetings, the coleopterists present availed themselves of the opportunity to collect in the nearby mountains, etc.

Archives— In a letter dated April 24, 1973, Paul Spangler informed the president that the Coleopterists Society Archives have been transferred to the Smithsonian Archives. Material for deposit can be sent to Paul, for transmit¬ tal.

The Bulletin— This is our most significant contribution to the furtherance of beetle study, and it flourished during the past year, under the able edi¬ torship of Bob Woodruff.

The Newsletter— Continued to be informative and thus of value to the members. Its contents can be improved only if you, individually, contribute to it. Thanks to the O’Briens.

Conclusion— The Executive Committee was as active as was required, and progress that the Society made is directly attributable to their efforts. The membership was peculiarly quiet. No more than a handful of letters were received by the president, and no angry ones, protesting the activities, or lack of them. Remember, it is your Society. The Executive is elected to run it, but only as your representative. You should advise your representatives of your desires.

5.2 Secretary Gordon. Terry Erwin reported for him that the secretary listed about 50 members who had not paid dues since 1971, or before. Fifteen of these members paid up. Thirty to 35 were dropped. There are 47 new members and 3 new institutions subscribing to the Bulletin.

(Cont. p. 39)

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

35

ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF TWO NEOTROPICAL SIBLING SPECIES OF CHAULIOGNATHIDAE WITH A REDESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES

George W. Miskimen

Entomological Pioneering Research Laboratory University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 00708

Abstract

Two sibling species of Chauliognathus range from southern Mexico through Central America to northwestern South America as far south as Bolivia and eastward into Venezuela. A zone of species overlap occurs at the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica. A model is presented describing origin and dispersion of the species in light of current concepts of plate tectonics. The species are redescribed and compared with other members of the genus.

Introduction

Neotropical Chauliognathidae are rather poorly known, although Central American forms have been studied by Gorham (1881, 1885), Champion (1914), and Miskimen (1966). During my studies of the group, a number of museum collections, plus field collecting, provided sufficient specimens to reveal some interesting relationships between 2 widespread species of southern Mexico, Central America, and the northwestern region of South America.

The first of these species, Chauliognathus pallidus Waterhouse (1878), is distributed from southern Mexico south of the Mexican Plateau to Costa Rica, while the second species, C. cinguliventris Erichson (1847), is relatively abundant from Costa Rica southward along the Andean Mountain system to Bolivia and eastward into the Cordillera de Merida and llanos of Venezuela. The 2 species were not distinguished by Gorham (1881, 1885) nor by Champion (1914) although each listed C. pallidus as ranging from Mexico southward into Panama. C. cinguliventris has previously been described as from Peru by the original author and by Blackwelder (1945), the latter listing pallidus from Colombia as well as its actual range.

The 2 species represent very closely related siblings that differ superficially only in the presence of postero-lateral brownish-black or black maculae on the fifth abdominal tergite that may in some specimens be expanded to form a continuous band encompassing both sternite and tergite. Aedeagi are iden¬ tical, except for a small but consistent conformational difference of the right paramere (Fig. 1 and 2).

Origins and Zoogeography

C. pallidus and cinguliventris are clearly more closely related than vir¬ tually any other pair of New World Chauliognathidae as evidenced by aedeagal similarity in a group where genitalic characters are highly diagnostic. Differentiation of the 2 species appears to have been a relatively recent oc¬ currence.

36 MISKIMEN: 2 NEOTROPICAL CHAULIOGNATHIDAE

The following model, describing possible origin and subsequent distribu¬ tion of the species, is based primarily upon historical geological factors plus closeness of species affinities. Relationships between members of Chauliog- nathus elsewhere suggest that ancestral forms arose as forest-adapted car¬ nivores on the primeval Gondwanaland continent. At some time after South America separated from the continent, an element or elements of the Neo¬ tropical fauna evolved adult phytophagous habits. The Cretaceous period appears to be the most logical time for this event, since angiosperm radiation was rapid at that time. The known upper Cretaceous land bridge between North and South America apparently permitted northward dispersal of members of the genus as evidenced by known Chauliognathus species from Colorado Florissant deposits that are regarded as upper Oligocene or Miocene (Scudder 1876, Wickham 1909). Further species exchange between North and South America was effectively prevented from late Eocene to late Miocene or early Pliocene by the Bolivar geosyncline, a 60 to 100 mile wide seaway, formed during initial stages of the Andean orogeny, that separated the Darien of Panama from continental South America (Olsson 1932, Nygren 1950).

West of the Bolivar trough, the San Bias region of Panama is believed to have been a relatively stable island throughout much of the Cenozoic Era. It was periodically connected with land elements of the Isthmian Panama-Costa Rica-southern Nicaraguan marine portal zone. North of the latter portal, paleontological evidence suggests a more or less continuous land mass leading to North America proper (Whitmore and Stewart 1965). Finally, in late Miocene and early Pliocene, the marine portals were closed uniting North and South America and remain so today. In addition, and important to develop¬ ment of the proposed speciation-distribution model, the Cordillera de Talamanca, located in Costa Rica and northwestern Panama, was uplifted at the same time.

Considering present distribution and historical water barriers and drier habitat preferences of C. pallidus, it seems likely that a population of that species became isolated during uplift of the Cordillera de Talamanca. Suf¬ ficient divergence occurred to produce the distinct species, cinguliventris, that was first able to dominate the wetter uplands of the Cordillera and then was able to traverse the lowland Panamanian rainforest because of moist habitat adaptation and was able to extend its range into South America via the Andes Mountains. Northward distribution apparently has not been possible due to drier general habitat situations and to niche occupation by pallidus, which, in turn, has not been able to cross the lowland rainforest barrier of eastern Panama and the west coastal region of Colombia.

A zone of species overlap exists in the Meseta Central-Cordillera de Talamanca region of Costa Rica where cinguliventris is more common than pallidus. No intermediate forms, suggesting possible hybridization, are known from this area despite extensive collecting. It seems possible that the sternal maculae may serve as a visual clue for species discrimination in nature.

Both pallidus and cinguliventris may be found in a variety of forested and ruderal habitats. Using the Holdridge (1947) system of plant formation and life zone classification; pallidus ranges in a wide variety of tropical to sub¬ tropical to lower montane dry and moist forest habitats at altitudes from near sea level to 2000 m, while cinguliventris is consistently found in somewhat wetter situations including wet and rainforests. Increasing environmental disturbance, particularly by paved roads, appears to be contributing to range

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

37

extension and abundance of both species due to more available host plants along roadsides. Adults congregate primarily on host plants of the family Compositae ( Baccharis and Eupatorium spp. are common hosts) and Am- miaceae. Both species may be regularly taken at light in small numbers. The species are apparently univoltine and appear near the end and after the primary rainy season from October or November until as late as April or May, depending upon altitude. Temporal distribution patterns in mountainous regions generally follow those described for another related species, Chauliognathus proteus Gorham (Miskimen 1972).

Species Redescription and Diagnosis

Chauliognathus pallidus Waterhouse

Chauliognathus pallidus Waterhouse 1878:330. Type: Mexico. Chauliognathus oedemeroides Gorham 1881:73. Type: Mexico. Chauliognathus fuscescens Gorham 1881:73. Type: Mexico.

Yellowish; antennae and palpi brownish-black; elytral bases with a narrow brownish-black band of varying width beginning centrally and extending to the lateral and sutural margins; distal third of femora, tibiae, and tarsi brown¬ ish-black. Length: males 12-15 mm, females 14-18 mm (head extended).

Head and pronotum semiopaque with a very short coarse vestiture; pronotum quadrate in males, slightly transverse in females, anterior angles rounded, lateral edges shallowly reflexed; elytra parallel, semiopaque, slightly rugose with short inclined hairs.

Aedeagus: penis slender, apex produced somewhat forming rounded triangulate tip, genital opening partially covered by a flap with a membranous suture extending to base of penis; right paramere flattened, in profile narrower

Fig. 1. Chauliognathus pallidus Waterhouse: 1) left dorso-lateral aspect of aedeagus; la) profile of right paramere tip; lb) caudo-ventral aspect of left paramere tip.

Fig. 2. Chauliognathus cinguliventris (Erichson): 2) left dorso-lateral as¬ pect of aedeagus; 2a) profile of right paramere tip.

38

MISKIMEN: 2 NEOTROPICAL CHAULIOGNATHIDAE

at base expanding to notched tip; left paramere flattened, bent, and expanded apically forming truncate tip armed with a curved hook at one end and a tooth at the other (Fig. 1, la, and lb).

Variation in the right paramere tip of the aedeagus and lack of maculae on the fifth abdominal segments distinguish pallidus from its southern sibling cinguliventris. Chauliognathus sulphureus, a similar appearing species is a distinct sulfur yellow, has less prominent eyes, and coarse erect pronotal hairs as well as substantial aedeagal differences. The synonyms described by Gorham describe minor color differences within the limits of the redescription given above. Climatically induced color variation in Chauliognathus is dis¬ cussed by Miskimen (1972).

Chauliognathus cinguliventris (Erichson)

Callianthia cinguliventris Erichson. 1847:83. Type: Peru.

Yellowish; antennae and palpi brownish-black; elytral bases with a brown¬ ish-black band of varying width beginning centrally and extending to lateral and sutural margins; distal third of femora, tibiae, and tarsi brownish-yellow; fifth abdominal tergite with postero-lateral brownish-black to black maculae that may in some specimens be expanded to form a continuous belt encom¬ passing both tergite and sternite. Length: males 12-15 mm, females 14-18 mm (head extended).

Head and pronotum semiopaque with very short coarse vestiture; prono- tum quadrate in males, slightly transverse in females, anterior angles rounded, lateral edges shallowly reflexed; elytra parallel, semiopaque, slightly rugose with short inclined hairs.

Aedeagus: penis slender, apex produced somewhat forming rounded triangulate tip, genital opening partially covered by a flap with membranous suture extending to base of penis; right paramere flattened, tip truncate with small angular tooth extending dorsad; left paramere flattened, bent, and expanded apically forming truncate tip armed with a curved hook at one end and a tooth at the other (Fig. 2, 2a).

Conformation of the right paramere tip of the aedeagus and markings on the fifth abdominal segment differentiate cinguliventris from the northern sibling pallidus. The only other species with which cinguliventris can be confused, Chauliognathus sulphureus Waterhouse, can be distinguished on the same basis cited above for pallidus.

Forms with the entire fifth abdominal segment black-banded are the only deviation known from the much more common type with simple postero¬ lateral tergal markings. Banded forms are known only from Peru where the more common type is also found. I feel that the banded type may be the consequence of environmental conditions (cool, high humidity) inducing expression of this characteristic in a manner similar to that described by me (1972) for Chauliognathus proteus Gorham in Colombia.

Literature Cited

Blackwelder, R. E. 1945. A checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Bull. United States Nat. Mus. 185(3):363-374.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

39

Champion, G. C. 1914. Revision of the Mexican and Central-American Chauliognathinae (Fam. Telephoridae), based on the genital armature of the males. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1914:128-168 and 338.

Erichson, W. F. 1847. Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Arch. Naturg. 13:67-185.

Gorham, H. S. 1881. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Lycidae, Lampyridae, Telephoridae, Lymexylonidae, Melyridae 3(2):25-l 12.

Gorham, H. S. 1885. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, supplement to Malacodermata 3(2):273-312.

Holdridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105:267-268.

Miskimen, G. W. 1966. Zoogeography and systematics of North and Central American Chauliognathini (Coleoptera:Chauliognathidae). Ph.D. Dissertation, U. Florida, Gainesville. 163 p.

Miskimen, G. W. 1972. Environmental factors affecting soldier beetle dis¬ tribution in Colombia. Biotropica 4(2):85-92.

Nygren, W. E. 1950. Bolivar geosyncline of northwestern South America. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists 34:1998-2006.

Olsson, A. A. 1932. Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of northern Peru. Part 5. The Peruvian Miocene. Bull. Amer. Paleon. 19:1-272.

Scudder, S. H. 1876. Fossil Coleoptera from Rocky Mountain Tertiaries. Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey, Territory 11:1-193.

Waterhouse, C. 0. 1878. Descriptions of new Telephoridae from Central and South America. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1878:325-332.

Whitmore, F. C., and R. H. Stewart. 1965. Miocene mammals and Central American seaways. Science 148:180-185.

Wickham, H. F. 1909. New Coleoptera from the Florissant. Amer. J. Sci. 178:128-219.

Coleopterists Newsletter, (Cont. from p. 34)

5.3 Treasurer Erwin submitted the appended report, which was audited by Don Anderson and Ginter Ekis. He hopes finances will allow an increase in the Bulletin this year by $250 per issue. The question was raised about the payment to the Inkblot Co. The treasurer explained that Woodruffs children put the Bulletins into envelopes and arranged the zip codes for mailing and handle preparing, billing, and mailing separates, much less expensively than at the printers. These expenses are expected to be nearer $200 this year as Mrs. Woodruff is paid for secretarial work and taking the Bulletins to the post office. With this explanation, Terry moved the report be accepted. Harley Brown seconded. The vote was carried.

5.4 Newsletter Editor O’Brien reported that he had an overwhelmingly favorable response to including the Newsletter with the Bulletin. His one correspondent approved fully! Material should be received a month and a half before the issue is to appear; e.g., by April 15th for the June Newsletter. This allows 2 weeks for editing and transmittal to Gainesville, and one month in the printer’s hands. Again, please send notes of new techniques, discoveries, or travels, etc. It was asked whether we had a tax-exempt status to allow us to apply for reduced mailing fees yet. Erwin reported that he and Gordon are still filling out forms.

6. Reports from committees.

6.1 Nomination and elections committee (Dybas, Whitehead, Hardy). Alan Hardy announced our new president is John Lawrence; Vice President, Paul Ritcher; Secretary, Bob Gordon; and Treasurer, Terry Erwin. New council members are Milton Campbell, John Chemsak, and Lee Herman.

6.2 Catalogue Committee (Kingsolver). John Kingsolver reported that the

40

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

catalogue is proceeding well. New cards have been printed, and the present hold-up is an MTST typist. Kingsolver, Spangler, Spilman, and White are an in-house editorial committee. There are 53 other participants.

Anobiidae, Cupedidae, Micromalthidae, Platypodinae are ready for tape; Heteroceridae are on tape and the printout is here for examination.

Cards are near completion for three subfamilies of Scarabaeidae (Dynas- tinae, Rutelinae, and Geotrupinae), Rhipiphoridae, Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, Ptinidae, and Cucujidae.

Participants are needed for Elmidae, Lycidae, Erotylidae, Lathridiidae, Stylopidae, and possibly Endomychidae and Colydiidae.

Four programs are done: data input, edit, update, and search. They will not require more proofing. Four need to be done: they are: sequencing in catalog order, hierarchy of higher categories, bibliography, and catalog page format.

Kingsolver would like comments from coleopterists on whether the ca¬ talogue should be arranged phylogenetically (species alphabetically) or alphabetically within tribes. It was originally planned to be in phylogenetic order through subgenus, then alphabetically, with each family in a separate fascicle, printed when cards were received from contributors. However, if it is done alphabetically, the first fascicle can be ready July 1974. If it is done phylogenetically, it will take 4 months longer. If it is done alphabetically, it is planned to have a phylogenetic index in the front. The Diptera catalog is done partially alphabetically, partially phylogenetically.

A show of hands indicated 6 in favor of each system with most of the group abstaining to consider the problem. Discussion indicated fears that curators would arrange their collections alphabetically, thus complicating study of collections by a specialist, because not only would neighboring genera be separated, but in old collections one would have to remember each generic change and look up each of these genera as well. Members were charged with considering each possibility and writing to Kingsolver.

6.3 Liaison: Coleopterists Society-North American Beetle Fauna Project. (Ball) The board of directors met in early April in Tallahassee and attended to many details of organization. They decided to publish the journal “American Beetles” and to start with the northeastern volume. Blackwelder has taken over most of the work on the Checklist, with the red form to be completed in early 1974. Volume 1, Fauna of the Northeast, is to come out in 2 parts. At least the first part is scheduled for 1974, authored jointly by Bradley, Downie and collaborators. There is still the problem of illustrations. The project is solvent, thanks to benefactor David Rockefeller.

7. President Ball expressed thanks to the members for cooperating so fully with him during the year and installed John Lawrence as our new president.

8. Lawrence appointed Howden, Ekis, and Allen as the nominating com¬ mittee for next year.

9. Kingsolver and Spangler were appointed auditors.

10. Other business.

Ed Becker announced that Canada is setting up a foundation (CANACOLL) to promote short term research services for the Canadian collection. The foundation will be able to hire people for a short time to do curatorial work on the Canadian National Collection. They are attempting to get tax exempt status in the United States. See the June issue of the Bulletin E.S.A. for further information.

Howden praised the presidential efforts to preserve the society, especially last night. The members approved setting aside a meeting room for the Society at the convention again next year.

The business meeting was adjourned for a scientific session with talks by Lawrence on “Major lineages in the evolution of Coleoptera”, and Tom Hlavac on “The adaptive history of beetles: questions, speculations”.

Respectfully submitted, Lois O’Brien, Secretary Pro-Tern

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

41

CRAB SPIDERS (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE) PREYING ON SCARAB BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)

Daniel T. Jennings

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,1 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87101

Abstract

Xysticus apachecus Gertsch crab spiders were collected feeding on adult Diplot axis sp., D. parvicollis Fall, and Phyllophaga (Listrochelus) falsa (LeConte) scarab beetles on young Pinus ponderosa Laws, trees in Arizona. New records of prey, spider-habitat associations, and predators of scarab beetles are established by these collections.

Spiders are predators, the prey consisting chiefly of live invertebrates, especially insects. Some spiders spin webs or snares of silk for capturing food, while others rely on stealth and surprise. Crab spiders of the family Thomisidae are among the latter. They actively search plant surfaces, litter, and debris for prey, or they ambush insects from hiding places such as in flowers, or on foliage of trees and shrubs. Typical crab spiders of the subfamily Misumeninae have stout, robust front legs for seizing prey. Captured insects, including bumblebees and wasps much larger than the spiders, are quickly subdued with a powerful venom.

Crab spiders may ambush a variety of insects resident or visiting the habitats occupied by the spiders. Detailed studies are lacking concerning possible food habits or preferences of crab spiders. Most prey records are for flower-inhabiting crab spiders (Gertsch, 1939), while prey records of tree- and shrub-inhabiting species consist mainly of lepidopterous defoliators (Lough- ton, Derry, and West, 1963; Morris, 1972; Renault and Miller, 1972). There are few previous records of crab spiders preying on beetles. This paper reports collections of crab spiders found feeding on scarab beetles associated with ponderosa pine seedlings in Arizona. The spiders with beetle prey are deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York.

On 14 July 1971, 2 female Xysticus apachecus Gertsch crab spiders were collected on Pinus ponderosa Laws, foliage with scarab beetle prey. The collecting locality is ca. 5 miles southwest of the Chevelon Ranger Station in sec. 34, T13N, R13E, Chevelon Ranger District, Sitgreaves National Forest, Coconino County, Arizona; elevation ca. 7,300 feet. The pine trees are part of a naturally regenerated ponderosa pine stand that became established following an intensive and devastating forest fire, the Dudley Burn, that swept through the area in June 1956. One spider had captured a male Diplo- taxis sp. in a 7.6 ft. tree. Because the head of the scarab beetle was missing at the time of collection, specific identification was not possible. On a nearby

'Forest Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, with central headquarters maintained at Fort Collins in cooperation with Colorado State University; author is located at Albuquerque in cooperation with the University of New Mexico.

42

JENNINGS: CRAB SPIDERS & SCARABS

pine, 9.3 ft. in height, another X. apachecus was feeding on a male Phyllophaga (Listrochelus) falsa (LeConte). Both spiders were on foliage in the upper crowns of the trees, near the apices of lateral branches. Crab spiders were seen with out-stretched front legs in such foliage on numerous other occasions, presumably waiting for insects.

A third example of a crab spider feeding on a scarab beetle was observed on 19 July 1971 when Herbert Allen Pase, III, collected a female X. apachecus feeding on a female Diplotaxis parvicollis Fall. This collection was made in the same general locality as the other 2 collections, but in sec. 23, T13N, R13E of the Dudley Burn, ca. 2.5 miles southwest of the Chevelon Ranger Station, elevation 7,200 feet. The spider with beetle prey was on a ponderosa pine seedling, height ca. 3 ft. All 3 observations are new prey records for X. apachecus.

The distribution of X. apachecus includes Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and California (Gertsch, 1939, 1953; Schick, 1965). Previous records of this crab spider on Pinus ponderosa foliage are lacking. Distribu¬ tions of the scarab beetles include Mexico, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, California, and Arizona for P. falsa (Butler and Werner, 1961) and Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico for D. parvicollis (Vaurie, 1960).

Although spiders are not included among the natural enemies of scarab beetles given by Ritcher (1958), Davis (1919) reported 3 species of spiders preying on scarabs, including the crab spider Xysticus gulosus Keys, feeding on Phyllophaga futilis (LeC.). Exline and Hatch (1934) observed Odontaeus [now Bolboceras ] obesus LeC. and Diplotaxis brevicollis LeC. in webs of the black widow, Latrodectus mactans (Fabr.).

The species of scarabs captured by crab spiders may be of economic im¬ portance in areas where survival of natural and planted ponderosa pine seedlings is critical. Adults of P. falsa have been taken in Arizona several times on ponderosa pine in July and August (Butler and Werner, 1961). Saylor (1940) reported that larvae of these beetles did extensive damage to pine seedlings at Flagstaff, Arizona, by cutting off the tree roots. Chapin (1934) described Listrochelus langeri (a synonym of P. falsa), and stated that it injures foliage of Pinus ponderosa.

It is not known whether the adults of Diplotaxis sp. and D. parvicollis feed directly on ponderosa pine foliage or merely visit pine trees in the vicinity of other food sources. General information regarding the feeding habits of Diplotaxis indicates that the adults probably feed on pine foliage, while larvae feed on the roots or rootlets of pine seedlings. Vaurie (1960) included Pinus among the habitats where she collected adult Diplotaxis, and Arnett (1963) reported that adults of Diplotaxis are nocturnal and feed mostly on conifers, with pines being the preferred food. Larvae of Diplotaxis fed on the roots of coniferous seedlings under experimental conditions, but they destroyed less than 20% of the pine seedlings used in the experiments (Craighead, 1950).

The extent and frequency of crab spider predation on scarab beetles are not known. Carcasses of scarab beetles were frequently seen near the tips of branches in the upper crowns of young pines on the Dudley Burn. Xysticus apachecus is an ambushing crab spider that does not move rapidly over the foliage in search of prey. The positioning of these spiders at the apices of upper crown branches is probably advantageous for capturing flying insects, including these scarabs, that alight on these extremities. No doubt these spiders prey on other insects besides scarab beetles.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

43

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. Milton W. Sanderson, Illinois Natural History Sur¬ vey, Urbana, Illinois, for determination of the Phyllophaga and to Mrs. Pa¬ tricia Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History, New York, for Diplo- taxis determinations. Thanks are due Dr. Willis J. Gertsch, Curator Emeritus of Arachnids, American Museum of Natural History, New York, now at Portal, Arizona, for confirming spider determinations.

Literature Cited

Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1963. The beetles of the United States. Catholic Univ. Amer. Press, Washington, D.C. 1112p.

Butler, G. D., Jr., and F. G. Werner. 1961. Distribution and host plants of May beetles in Arizona. Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 147:1-19. Chapin, E. A. 1934. A new Listrochelus injuring Pinus ponderosa Lawson in the Rocky Mountain region (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 47:93-94.

Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. 657:1-679.

Davis, J. J. 1919. Contributions to a knowledge of the natural enemies of Phyllophaga. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey 13:53-138; pis. 3-14. Exline, H. and M. H. Hatch. 1934. Note on the food of a black widow spider. J. New York Ent. Soc. 42:449-450.

Gertsch, W. J. 1939. A revision of the typical crab-spiders (Misumeninae) of America north of Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 76:277-442. Gertsch, W. J. 1953. The spider genera Xysticus, Coriarachne, and Oxyptila (Thomisidae, Misumeninae) in North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 102:413-482.

Loughton, B. G., C. Derry, and A. S. West. 1963. Spiders and the spruce budworm, p. 249-268. In R. F. Morris [ed.], The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 31.

Morris, R. F. 1972. Predation by insects and spiders inhabiting colonial webs of Hyphantria cunea. Can. Ent. 104:1197-1207.

Renault, T. R., and C. A. Miller. 1972. Spiders in a fir-spruce biotype: abundance, diversity, and influence on spruce budworm densities. Can. J. Zool. 50:1039-1046.

Ritcher, P. 0. 1958. Biology of Scarabaeidae. Annual Rev. Ent. 3:311-334. Saylor, L. W. 1940. Revision of the scarabaeid beetles of the phyllophagan subgenus Listrochelus of fhe United States, with discussion of related subgenera. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 89(3095):59-130.

Schick, R. X. 1965. The crab spiders of California (Araneida, Thomisidae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 129:1-180.

Vaurie, P. 1960. A revision of the genus Diplotaxis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Melolonthinae). Part 2. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 120:161-434.

Coleopterists Newsletter, (Cont. from p. 40)

MASTER OF ARTS IN MUSEUM SCIENCE

A master’s degree program in Museum Science has been approved by Texas Tech University and awaits final approval at the State Coordinating Board level in January. Applications are now being accepted for this program which should begin in the fall semester of 1974. The program is designed to train students for a wide variety of positions within museums and related organizations. Students can opt for emphasis in art, historical restoration, history, anthropology, or some area of biology or geology. For further infor¬ mation write to Museum Science Program, The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409.

44

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

COLEOPTERISTS SOCIETY FIELD TRIP TO WELDER WILDLIFE REFUGE AND VICINITY

(November 29— December 3, 1973)

Following a successful Entomological Society of America meeting in Dallas, 26 coleopterists left Thursday morning, November 29, and drove to the Welder Wildlife Refuge near Sinton, Texas for a 3-day field trip. After several stops en route we arrived at the Refuge late in the evening and settled into the dorm rooms and efficiency apartments provided by the Rob and Bessie Welder Foundation. Due to the late hour of our arrival and the cool weather Thurs¬ day night, most members of the group chose to relax in front of a roaring fire and talk about beetles, vowing to make the big collecting push the following day. A few people decided to try their luck that night, but mostly the beetles refused to cooperate.

The next morning we were then treated to a tour of the headquarters, laboratories, and museum of the Welder Foundation by Drs. Clarence Cottam and Eric Bolen. At approximately 10 o’clock that morning most of the group left the Refuge to collect at Goose Island State Park on the coast. The collecting there would probably not qualify as being great but a few good beetles were taken. Regardless of the quality and quantity of beetles brought home, the beautiful weather which we were so fortunate to experience at Goose Island made the outing an enjoyable one. On the return trip to Welder that afternoon, several groups stopped at various localities along the way to sample the beetle fauna. Friday night was warmer than the previous night and more people were out in the brush of the Refuge after beetles with blacklights and various other methods.

Saturday one group drove to Lake Corpus Christi State Park to collect, while the remaining coleopterists worked on the Refuge or visited other localities in the area. Everyone was back at the Refuge by 7 p.m. Saturday with a big appetite ready to partake of a catered barbeque held in the rotunda at the Foundation headquarters.

Due to the gasoline shortage many service stations in the area were closed Sunday so we concentrated our collecting efforts on the Refuge that day. A few, however, decided to forsake the beetles long enough to drive over to nearby Aransas Wildlife Refuge in hopes of spotting a whooping crane or two. We did not get a glimpse of these magnificent birds but other bird life was abundant and the trip was well worth the effort. Light-collecting was more successful on the Refuge Sunday night as the weather warmed up appreciably.

Monday morning everyone was up early preparing to leave for home. By mid-morning we had cleaned the living quarters, packed up, loaded and departed the Refuge.

The collecting success on this trip will not be fully known until everyone has an opportunity to closely examine his material and make determinations. Undoubtedly, material collected on this trip will appear in revisions and other papers on beetles for years to come. It is obvious to all who participated, however, that aside from the insects collected, the exchange of ideas, general talk about beetles, and the great fellowship which prevailed made the trip a success.

The fine facilities provided by the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foun¬ dation, the beautiful surroundings, and the warm hospitality of Dr. Cottam and his staff were greatly appreciated by all who attended.

Participants in the field trip included: James Ashe, George and Kathleen Ball, Horace Burke, Wayne Clark, Ginter Ekis, Terry Erwin, David Foster, J. Howard Frank, Grant Gaumer, Bill Gibson, Ruth Lynn Hooper, John

(Cont. p. 48)

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

45

TWO NEW SPECIES OF CEPHALOSCYMNUS CROTCH FROM MEXICO WITH NOTES ON OTHER SPECIES (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE)

Robert D. Gordon

Systematic Entomology Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA'

Abstract

Two new species of Cephaloscymnus, mexicanus and minutus, are described, and additional distribution data are listed for some previously described species.

The genus Cephaloscymnus in North America was treated by Gordon (1970). The purpose of the present paper is to present additional information on distribution and genitalia of previously described species and to describe 2 new species. Material discussed herein is in the Canadian National Collection [CNC] and the U. S. National Museum [USNM].

Cephaloscymnus zimmermanni zimmermanni Crotch

Fig. 1

A single specimen of this subspecies from Arkansas has been examined. This represents an extension of the known range (Gordon, 1970: 67), and it is interesting that this specimen is typical of the nominate subspecies and does not represent an intergrade between zimmermanni, s. str., and 2. australis Gordon.

Figure 1 is an enlarged view of the siphonal apex of the male genitalia of zimmermanni, s. str.

Cephaloscymnus mexicanus Gordon, new species

Fig. 2-6

Holotype male: length 2.60 mm, greatest width 1.52 mm. Form elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened, widest at middle of elytra. Color reddish-brown dorsally except clypeal area of head and lateral border of pronotum paler yellowish-brown, elytron with faint greenish-bronze sheen; ventral surface black except hypopleuron and epipleuron reddish-brown, mouthparts, legs, lateral border of third and fourth sterna and entire apical sternum yellow. Head and pronotum densely, coarsely punctured, punctures separated by less than their diameter, becoming denser on explanate border of pronotum; punctures on elytron not dense, separated by at least their diameter. Pubes¬ cence grayish-white, short on head, tightly appressed, long on pronotum and head, semi-erect. Genitalia with basal lobe longer than paramere, parallel¬ sided with rounded apex in ventral view, curved in lateral view, with dorsal

Mail address: c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

46

GORDON: NEW MEXICAN CEPHALOSCYMNUS

keel; paramere slender, nearly straight, narrowed toward apex (Fig. 2, 3); sipho as in Fig. 4, 5.

Female: similar to male except spermathecal capsule curved, apex bluntly rounded (Fig. 6).

Variation: length 2.48 to 2.60 mm, width 1.45 to 1.52 mm.

Holotype: male [CNC], Mexico, 30 mi. W. Durango, Dgo., 8000', 4- V-1961, Howden & Martin.

Paratypes: total 2 [CNC and USNM], Mexico: 7500', nr. Jame, 33 mi. S. E. Saltillo, Coahuila, 25-VII-1963, H. F. Howden; 3 mi. E. El Salto, Durango, 21-VI-1964, H. F. Howden.

Another specimen of Cephaloscymnus in the CNC from Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico, is probably this species, but it is a female that doesn’t match the type series exactly.

The male genitalia of mexicanus are of the type found in C. 2. australis, but the basal lobe is relatively longer, more slender and not as abruptly curved in mexicanus. C. z. australis also differs from mexicanus in having the pronotal punctures extremely dense, usually contiguous, and the pronotum entirely red, not paler laterally.

The holotype has the head indented medially, obviously a result of damage, and 1 middle leg and 1 hind leg are missing. The specimen was teneral when collected and so was more susceptible to damage.

Cephaloscymnus occidentalis Horn Fig. 7

This is the first Mexican record for this species. Two specimens in the CNC bearing the following data are this species: “Nr. San Jose Beach, 40 mi. SW. Cd. Obregon, Sonora, Mex., 16-23.V.1961, Howden & Martin, at light”; “Rio Yaqui, 12 mi. W. Cd. Obregon, Sonora, Mex., 15-V-1961, Howden & Martin”. Figure 7 is an enlarged view of the siphonal apex of the male genitalia.

Cephaloscymnus laevis Gordon Fig. 8, 9

This species was described (Gordon 1970) from a single male from Nogales, Arizona, in the California Academy of Sciences collection. There are 2 examples of laevis, a male and female, in the CNC, both labeled “10 mi NE. Jacala, Hidalgo, Mex., VIII. 1-3.1960, Howden. This is not only the first Mexican record of the species but also represents a great extension of the known range.

Figure 8 is an enlarged view of the siphonal apex of the male genitalia. Figure 9 is the female spermathecal capsule, not previously illustrated.

Cephaloscymnus gnomus Gordon, new species

Fig. 10

Holotype female: length 1.70 mm, greatest width 1.00 mm. Form elon¬ gate, somewhat convex, widest at middle of elytra. Color black except antero-lateral angle of pronotum and apical third of elytron obscurely red¬ dish-brown, legs and mouthparts yellow or yellowish-brown. Punctures on head and pronotum dense, coarse, separated by their diameter or less, becoming somewhat contiguous along lateral margin of pronotum; punctures

Fig. 1-10. Genitalia of Cephaloscymnus spp.: 1) siphonal apex, C. zimmer- manni zimmermanni; 2 and 3) ventral and lateral aspects of phallobase, C. mexicanus ; 4 and 5) entire sipho and siphonal apex, C. mexicanus; 6) sper- mathecal capsule, C. mexicanus; 7) siphonal apex, C. occidentalis; 8) siphonal apex, C. laevis; 9) spermathecal capsule, C. laevis; 10) spermathecal capsule, C. gnomus.

48

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

on elytron dense, coarse, subequal in size to pronotal punctures, separated by their diameter or less. Pubescence grayish-white, short and tightly appressed on head, long and semi-erect on pronotum and elytron. Genitalia with sper- mathecal capsule feebly curved before apex, apex bluntly pointed (Fig. 10).

Male: not known.

Holotype: female [CNC], Mexico: El Salto de Agua, San Luis Potosi, 28-30-VII-1960, H. Howden.

The extremely small size, nearly all black dorsal surface and coarse, dense punctures on the elytron distinguish gnomus from any previously described species. C. occidentalis approaches gnomus most closely in size but has the elytral punctures much less dense on the elytron than on the pronotum as do all other presently known species of Cephaloscymnus except gnomus. The shape of the spermathecal capsule is also completely different from those previously figured (Gordon 1970:68).

References

Gordon, R. D. 1970. The genus Cephaloscymnus Crotch in North America (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 72:66-70.

Coleopterists Newsletter, (Cont. from p. 44)

Lawrence, George Marshall, Bob and Maria Murray, Charles and Lois O’Brien, Manuel Pescador, Edgar and Mary Riek, Elbert Sleeper, Billy D. Stallings, Barry and Buena Valentine, and Janice White.— Horace R. Burke, William W. Gibson, Robert R. Murray.

THE FOURTH OF JULY, OR WHAT’S IN A DATE? A PLEA

The important date of the American calendar is considered by one segment of the American populace to fall on 4 July and by another segment to occur on July 4. Subscribing to the first system is the American military and to the second, various institutions of the Federal Government and at least some State governments. Under the first system the date is abbreviated to 4.7.1974 or 04/07/74 or 4-7-’74 or 4 VII ’74 or other variations and, under the second, to 7.4.1974 or 07/04/74 or 7-4-’74 or VII 4, ’74 or other variations. This can, understandably, lead to confusion by adherents of the one system of notation when faced with the other.

Both systems are deeply entrenched. The first is used, to my knowledge, almost universally outside the U.S. No standardization can be expected for general use.

Coleopterists are concerned when it comes to recording and citing collec¬ tion data. Editorial policy of the Coleopterists Bulletin wisely requires that the month be written in Roman numerals for collection data and, arbitrarily but in accordance with the more widespread international system, that the whole be written in the order day-month-year, i.e. in units of increasing magnitude. But anyone working with museum specimens is likely to have had to decide which numeral indicates the day and which the month in data labels

(Cont. p. 50)

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

49

NEW BUPRESTIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

Frank M. Beer

Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331

Abstract

A new subspecies of buprestid beetle, Dicerca horni nelsoni, is described from Inyo County California, as is the plesiallotype female of Trachykele fattigi Knull from Stone Mountain, Georgia.

Dicerca horni nelsoni Beer, New Subspecies

Similar to typical subspecies horni except as to color, being a brilliant coppery above and below, both surfaces suffused with green, especially behind scutellum, along elytral suture and humeral areas, both surfaces clothed with long, fine, erect white hairs. Head with front more flattened, pronotum with sides more parallel in basal half rather than with slight flare, intervals of elytral disk having somewhat more scattered raised smooth areas which pos¬ sess a bluish to purplish cast; elytral apices tend to be vaguely emarginate rather than entire or truncate. Under surface slightly more shining, coarsely and serially punctate; tarsi and apical margin of abdomen with purplish cast. Male genitalia identical with subspecies horni. Male length 18.8 mm, width 6.5 mm; female length 18.0 mm, width 6.8 mm. Smallest specimen, a male, length 14.9 mm, width 5.3 mm; largest specimen, a female, length 21.9 mm, width 8.0 mm.

Holotype male: California: Inyo County, Cottonwood Creek, east flank of the Sierra-Nevada Range, 7-VII-65, F. M. Beer [California Academy Sciences]; allotype female, Inyo County, Lone Pine, 14-VI-37, A. P. Yerring- ton [CAS]. Paratypes (13): California: Inyo County, as follows: 3 males, 3 females, same data as holotype, [F. M. Beer col.]; 3 females, Lone Pine, 6-V-60, F. D. Parker [G. H. Nelson Col.]; 1 female, Lone Pine, 20-VI-37, K. L. Maehler TCAS]; 1 male, Lone Pine, 20-VI-37, W. C. Reeves [G. H. Nelson col.]; 1 female, Lone Pine, 26-V-37, A. P. Yerrington [G. H. Nelson col.]; 1 male, Blackrock, VI-63, Mannott [CAS]; 1 para type, Lassen County, Doyle, 31-V-40, A. T. McClay [G. H. Nelson col.].

The middle tibial spine of the male is shorter and more blunt than in the nominate species, while the terminal margin of the last visible segment of the female is vaguely bisinuate in 7 specimens, broadly rounded in the remaining 3. In subspecies horni of 20 females examined (the number in the writers collection), 15 have the terminal margin rounded, 2 have it emarginate, 2 have a vague median projection without being bisinuate, and 1 has a broad emar- gination with central short obtuse spine.

I take pleasure in naming this form in honor of Dr. Gayle Nelson, Chair¬ man, Department of Anatomy, Kansas City College of Osteopathic Medicine, who has done so much to clarify poorly known species and who has brought much organization of the species within the family.

50

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

Trachykele fattigi Knull, 1954 Ohio Jour. Science, LIV: 294-296

This species was described from a unique male taken at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in 1951 by Lucian Harris. While visiting Georgia in 1966, I cut 7 specimens (3 males, 4 females) from a decadent juniper ( Juniperus virginiana L.).

Description of female: Differs from the male as follows: larger, more robust; irregular velvety black depressions larger, more numerous; last visible sternite broadly rounded at apex, smooth areas each side on first 4 abdominal segments lacking, but small depression adjacent to their position, present. Length 17.4 mm, width 6.3 mm.

Plesiallotype: Georgia: Stone Mountain, 26-X-66, F. M. Beer. A male and female are deposited in the G. H. Nelson collection, the plesiallotype and remaining topotypes in the writer’s collection.

Two specimens have a very faint tint of red on the pronotum and basal region of the elytra similar to that found in T. blonde li of the Pacific North¬ west. Males vary in length from 14.1-15.1 mm, width 5. 0-5. 6 mm; the females from 17.2-18.0 mm, width 6.3-6.8 mm.

Coleopterists Newsletter, (Cont. from p. 48)

where ‘Arabic’ numerals were used throughout. Four examples (from the National Museum of Natural History) before me at this time bear the following ‘dates’: T.3.8', T4.4', '3.82', '8.2'!

Coleopterists, individualists all, are unlikely to change to recording their collection data in a day-month-year system if they have been writing it as month-day-year ever since they collected their first beetle, nor is this neces¬ sary. But please, if you value your collections, make it easier for others to use them by making it plain which is the day and which the month and print the month in obvious Roman numerals (II or ii not 11) or spell it out in letters. Lincoln’s Birthday anniversary could be 12 II 1974 or 12 Feb. 1974 or 11-12-1974 or Feb. 12, 1974 according to preference or inclination.

An article, Standards for Entomological Labels, by B. R. Stuckenberg and M. E. Irwin, which appeared in the Sept. 1973 number of Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. vol. 19, pp. 164-168, is well worth reading.— J. Howard Frank, P. 0. Box 520, Vero Beach, Florida 32960.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

51

TREASURER’S REPORT: 1972, 1973, BUDGET FOR 1974

Financial Statement 1972

Assets:

Transfer of account from Florida (Jim Lloyd) to Washington (Terry Erwin) plus accumulated checks forwarded from Wood¬ ruff, Lloyd, and Purdue— opened account at Riggs

National, D.C. $ 3,216.61

Income:

Page charges, separates, postage on separates charged to authors

after 5 March 1972 921.81

Membership dues, institutional subscriptions; plus page

charges, separates, etc. before 5 March 1972 4,645.14

Balance of credits: $ 8,783.56

Disbursements:

Printer’s cost for Bulletin production $ 2,919.60

Printer’s other services (addressograph, etc.) 30.05

Inkblot Co. services (stuffing envelopes, etc.) 111.20

Newsletter production and mailing 104.84

Administration supplies (postage, rubber stamps, envelopes, billing forms, etc.) 328.03

Editor’s office postage kitty 50.00

Riggs Bank service charge (checks) 11.92

Transfer to Jacques from Abdullah for directory 2.00

Balance of Debits: $ 3,557.64

Income over disbursements, 1972 $ 5,225.92

Preliminary Financial Statement 1973 (thru Nov. 15, 1973)

Assets *

Balance from 1972 $ 5,225.92

Income:

Page charges, separates, postage on separates charged to

authors after 1 January 1973 1,148.68

Membership dues, institutional subscriptions 5,464.65

$11,839.25

Balance of credits:

52

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

(Treasurer’s Report, continued)

Disbursements:

Printer’s cost for Bulletin production $ 4,276.83

Printer’s other services (addressograph, etc.) 54.07

Inkblot Co. services (stuffing envelopes, etc.) 81.35

Newsletter printing 51.50

Newsletter postage 53.88

Administration supplies (postage, envelopes, billing forms, ballots, etc.) 242.70

Editor’s office postage kitty 125.00

2nd class mailing permit 50.00

Faxon refund (Poland quit) 10.00

Tax on envelopes 1.00

Balance of debits: $ 4,946.33

Proposed 1974 Budget

Income:

Page charges $ 1200.00

Membership dues, institutional subscriptions 4,500.00

Total $ 5,700.00

Expenses:

Bulletin costs $ 4,500.00

Printer’s other services (addressograph, etc.) 60.00

Postage, envelopes, forms, etc. 300.00

Bulletin stuffing and mailing expenses 200.00

Editor’s postage, 2nd class mailing 175.00

Total $ 5,235.00

Income Over Expenses $ 465.00

. . . Respectfully submitted by Terry L. Erwin, Treasurer (1973;. Audited by Donald M. Anderson and Ginter Ekis.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(1), 1974

{continued from inside front cover)

departments, provinces, parishes, and/or counties listed. Dates are listed by day, month (in Roman numerals), and last 2 digits of the year. Listing of ecological data is en¬ couraged. Location of specimens should be shown in brackets; if the data is extensive these should ba abbreviated as shown and the abbreviations listed in the text.

Any article concerning Coleoptera will be considered. Descriptions of new taxa must contain keys (or be correlated with existing keys) and illustrations. All manuscripts should be typed on 8V2X 11” opaque white paper with 1 inch margins. They should be typed on one side only and double spaced throughout (including title, footnotes, tables, figure legends, and references). All scientific names should be underlined. Use the following order: title, author, author’s address, abstract, body of text, references cited, and figures. All footnotes, tables, and figure legends should be provided on separate sheets and double spaced. Indicate approximate figure and table locations in pencil in the margin of the manuscript.

An abstract should be a concise statement of the facts presented, not that they are presented (e.g. list names of organisms, not just that they were discussed or described as new). These abstracts are the key to how your article will be cited in the abstracting journals and should be carefully written.

THE COLEOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Officers for the Society 1974

President: J. F. Lawrence, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA 02138.

Vice President: P. O. Ritcher, Dept. Ent., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331. Secretary: R. D. Gordon, Syst. Ent. Lab., USDA, ARS, c/o U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

Treasurer: T. L. Erwin, Div. Coleoptera, Dept. Ent., U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

Editor (Coleopterists Bulletin): R. E. Woodruff, Florida Dept. Agr., Div. Plant Industry, P. O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32601.

Editor (Coleopterists Newsletter): C. W. O’Brien, Univ. P. O. Box 111, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307.

Council through 1974

C. H. Lindroth, Zoological Institute, Lund, Sweden.

Patricia Vaurie, Dept. Insects & Spiders, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. 10024.

H. R. Burke, Dept. Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843.

Council through 1975

J. M. Campbell, Entomology Research Institute, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6, Canada.

John A. Chemsak, Division of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Lee H. Herman, Jr., Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural His¬ tory, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, N. Y. 10024.

NOTICES

Notices to appear on this page are a free service to members and subscribers. Such copy will be limited to the back page , the older notices being moved up and replaced with the newest ones at the bottom. The editor reserves the right to reword such notices for brevity, consistency , and clarity.

SCARABAEIDAE: Studying myrmecophilous and termitophilous Aphodiinae. Request loan of New World material especially. Will sort from general scarab collections or from light trap samples. Robert E. Woodruff, Fla. Dept. Aqr., P. O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32601 .

CERAMBYCIDAE: Preparing checklist of species in Tennessee. Request data from any Tennessee specimens.

Hoyt L. Jamerson, Dept. Biology, Memphis State Univ., Memphis, TN 38152.

SCARABAEIDAE: Dynastes hercules and related species wanted. Interested in variation in size and color, as wel as distribution (locality data). Will buy or exchange. Bill Reid, 994 Irene Ct., No. Valley Stream NY 1 1580. LUCANIDAE: Buy or exchange all species. Offer Buprestidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, and Scarabaeidae.

Antonio Alaimo, Via dei Platani 52, 00172 Roma, Italy. . .

CERAMBYCIDAE, LUCANIDAE, & SCARABAEIDAE: Will purchase or exchange. R H. McPeak, 10370 Limetree

Lane, Spring Valley, CA 92077.

FREE PUBLICATION: If you are not now receiving “Progress Reports", the newsletter of the North American Beetle Fauna Project, send your name, address, and interest in beetles statement to: Dr. R. H. Arnett, NABF Project, Dept. Biol., Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12211.

FOR SALE: Used insect boxes of various types and sizes and unit pinning trays for Cornell drawers and Calif Acad, drawers. Write for specifics to R. E. Woodruff, 351 7 N.W. 1 0th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32601 GRANT INFORMATION: Funding Sources Clearinghouse, Inc. 760 Market Street, Suite 1000, San Francisco,

COLYDIIDAE: Building up worldwide collection. 1 waht to buy or exchange other Coleoptera. Also interested in immature stages and publications on this family. Horst D. Matern, 5000 Koeln 41, Lotharstr. 34, Western

SCARABAEIDAE: LookingTor all material of Coprinae, literature and specimens, also in exchange and purchase.

Klaus-Ulrich Geis, Gyrhofstr. 6, D 5 Koln 44, Western.Germany,

PSEPHENIDAE (including €UBRIINAE, EUBRIANACINAE, and PSEPHENINAE): Revising the family in the Wes¬ tern Hemisphere. Request loctn oJ.any material from the New World. Dr. Harley P. Brown, Zoology Dept., Un.v.

of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval. Norman, Oklahoma 73069. .

WANTED: American Geographical Society maps of Mexico: Baja California-Norte, Baja California- ur, an

Sonora. W. H. Clark, 705 Smith Street, Vale, Oregon 97918. ......

EXCHANGE: I am interested in trading Colorado beetles for Meloidae and/or Scarabaeidae. I prefer Meloidae. Hartman, P. O. Box 444, Frederick, Colorado 80530.

FOR SALE: Comparative anatomy of the male genital tube in Coleoptera. Classic Sharp & Muir monograph on genitalia & six related papers. An essential work for all serious students of Coleoptera. 304 pp„ 43 pis , bound. $10.00. Entomological Society of America, 4603 Calvert Road, Box AJ, College Park, Maryland 20740^ CARABUS, CARABIDAE, CERAMBYCIDAE: Will purchase or exchange Albert Sermet, Pres du lac 17.1400, Yverdon, (Suisse) Switzerland.

LUCANIDAE: World revision of most genera; prefer exchange for lucanids or other beetles; will identify oans, wi

buy if necessary. Hughes E. Bomans, 39 Avenue Charles Verhaegen, 1950 Crainhem, Belgium.

MICROPEPLIDAE: Working toward a world monograph of the entire family. Specimens, praeimaginal stages, distribution and/or ecological records needed from all areas of the World, by loan, or general exchange, correspondence invited. SILPHIDAE: Presently revising the genus Agyrtes for World. Request loan of adults and/or larvae & pupae. Distribution and ecological records welcome. STAPHYLINIDAE: Revising the genus Bryocharis (subfam. Tachyporinae). Request loan of New World and East Asiatic material especially, e r Nohel, Botany Inst., Czech. Acad. Sci., 25243-Pruhonice nr. Prague, Czechoslovakia.

BUPRESTIDAE: 50 Euchroma gigantea (av. 6cm) plus general collection, unidentified, in alcohol, from Cana Zone (many scarabs, longhorns, etc.) to trade for any interesting Coleoptera. David Swanson, 502 Beech St.

A-4, Savanna, III. 61074. _

SCARABAEIDAE: Chalcosoma atlas and subspecies from Malaysia, Philippines, Java, & Sumatra (5-1 1 cm) i-or Sale. K. A. Schmitt, WI 68 Nil 469 El Camino, Germantown, Wise. 53022. • itai v

EXCHANGE: Curculionidae, Buprestidae, and Carabidae. Massimo Heregalli, C. A. Picco 27, 1 01 31 Torino, 1 1 aly CICINDELIDAE: Need specimens of following genera for morphological studies of family: Eucallia, Nickerlea, Rhysopleura, Langea, Opisthencentrus, Iresia, Oxygonia, Ctenostoma, Pogonostoma, Caledonomorpha, Caledonica, Distipsidera, Aniara, Prothyma. Wish to exchange, borrow, or purchase and can use poor y labelled or damaged material. R D. Ward, Dept. Ent., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Mich. 48823.

FOR SALE: Exotic beetles from Malaysia, New Guinea, Africa, Brazil, etc. Send $1 .00 for 64 p. catalogue. Prospect Biological, P. O. Box 307, Round Lake, Illinois 60073.

PHILIPPINE BEETLES: Leonard L. Lengyel, c/o Mrs. Manuela R. Ablan, Rizal St., Laoag City, llocos Norte, Rep.

Philippines. <1

LITERATURE DESIRED: Donations of reprints, journals, and reference works are solicited to build up library. Wau

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SCARABAEIDAE: Want to purchase Dynastes tityus and Plusiotus from North and Central America or trade for Psalidognathus superbus and French Scarabaeidae. T. D. Haas, 97 Barnes St., Long Beach, N. Y. 11561. WANTED: Casey, T. L. 1912. Memoir III, p. 1-386. Henry Dietrich, Dept. Ent., Cornell Univ., Comstock Hall, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

THE

COLEOPTERISTS

BULLETIN

AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF BEETLES

VOLUME 28, NUMBER 2 JUNE, 1974

DYTISCIDAE: Stridulatory organs by D. J. Larson & G. Pritchard . 53-63

CHRYSOMELIDAE: N.A. Orthaltica by G. Scherer . 65-72

BUPRESTIDAE: Agrilus new to U.S. by H. A. Hespenheide . 73-75

STAPHYLINIDAE: Lispininae genera by I. Moore & E. F. Legner . 77-84

TECHNIQUES: Gender points by P. D. Perkins . 84

PSEPHENIDAE: Life history by C. M. Murvosh & B. W. Miller . 85-92

MELANDRYIDAE, MYCETOPHAGIDAE & TETRATOMIDAE

by M. Abdullah . 93-100

TECHNIQUE: Inexpensive unit trays by C. E. White & D. S. White . 101-102

CARABIDAE: C. A. Platynus by D. R. Whitehead . 103-104

NOTICE OF CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS . 64

BOOK REVIEWS &

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THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

53

ORGANS OF POSSIBLE STRIDULATORY FUNCTION

IN WATER-BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE)

D. J. Larson and G. Pritchard

Department of Biology, University of Calgary,

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Abstract

Organs of possible stridulatory function are described from the genera Laccophilus , Agabus, Carrhydrus, Colymbetes, Cybister, and Hydaticus. Five major types of organs are recognized on the basis of the portions of the body on which they are found : file on submentum, plectrum on labial palpus ; file on metacoxa, plectrum on metafemur ; file on abdominal sterna, plectrum on metafemur; file on metafemur, plectrum on abdominal sterna ; and file on protarsal article 2, plectrum on protibia. With a few exceptions these organs are restricted to, or best developed on, males.

Introduction

During the course of a taxonomic study of the Dytiscidae, Larson noted several examples of modifications of opposing body parts in which a roughened area or file on one matched with a projection on the other. Further search revealed that such structures were widespread in the family and that in each case one part could be moved over the other in a very precise manner. We wish to draw attention to this variety of interesting structures and to suggest a function for them. More than 200 species of Dytiscidae, representing nearly all the North American genera, have been examined, and we describe the major types of struc¬ ture found. No attempt has been made to elucidate intraspecific vari¬ ation, important as such variation may be.

Some of these structures have been described before as will be noted below, and some have been called “stridulatory organs” (e.g., Balfour-Browne 1940), although no behavioral observations are avail¬ able. Almost all sounds that have been heard from dytiscid beetles have occurred when the animals were out of water and generally under some stress. Under these circumstances, attention has been focused on the wings as the means by which sound is produced (von Reeker 1891 ; Arrow 1924; Marcu 1936). However, we believe that such sounds could be produced simply by whirring the wings beneath the elytra. In particular, it seems unnecessary to invoke a stridulatory function for the ‘costal file’ as was done by von Reeker (1891), and more recently by Freitag and Lee (1972) to account for buzzing sounds made by cicinde- lid beetles. Indeed, all Adephaga that we examined had very similar costal architecture. We intend, therefore, to describe only those struc¬ tures in the Dytiscidae that fit the conventional form of a specialized frictional stridulatory organ.

54

LARSON & PRITCHARD: STRIDULATORY ORGANS

A

1 mm

h -

B

Pit? 1 Movement of metafemur over sternal plectrum in (a) Aga- bus aeruginosus and (b) A. falli, showing alignment of femoral grooves with the sternal plectrum.

A

B

Fie- 2 Movement of metafemur over sternal file in Colymbetes sJpUiis: (a) male" (b) female. See text for further formation.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

55

Fig. 3. Laccophilus maculosus decipiens : coxal file ; x 22.

Fig. 4. L. m. decipiens : ibid ; x 225.

Fig. 5. L. fasciatus : ibid ; x 225.

Fig. 6. L. fasciatus : ibid ; x 22.

Fig. 7. L. maculosus decipiens : dorsal view of metafemur showing femoral plectrum ; x 40.

Fig. 8. L. fasciatus : ibid ; x 40.

Fig. 9. L. maculosus decipiens : ibid; x 187.

Fig. 10. Agabus semipunctatus : dorsal surface of metafemur with anterior ridge ; x 37.

Fig. 11. A.velox: ibid ;x 37.

Fig. 12. A. semipunctatus : file of abdominal sternum 2; x 20.

Fig. 13. A. semipunctatus : ibid; x 187.

Fig. 14. A. velox : ibid; x 187.

LARSON & PRITCHARD: STRIDULATORY ORGANS

• w vf 22 ■—
.■l jhbhhh

Fig. 15. A. pisobius : plectrum on suture between abdominal sterna 2 and 3 ; x 20.

Fig. 16. A. punctatus : ibid ; x 37.

Fig. 17. A. aeruginosus : ibid; x 37.

Fig. 18. A. pisobius : ibid; x 205.

Fig. 19. A. punctatus : ibid; x 180.

Fig. 20. A. aeruginosus: ibid; x 200.

Fig. 21. A. pisobius : dorsal view of metafemur with anterior nle; x 37.

Fig. 22. A. punctatus : ibid; x 37.

Fig. 23. A. aeruginosus : ibid ; x 27.

Fig. 24. A. f alii: ibid ;x 55. ,

Fig. 25. A. disintegrate: plectrum on suture between abdominal

sterna 2 and 3 ; x 75.

Fig. 26. A. aeruginosus: dorsal view of metalemur; x bb.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

57

Genus Loccophilus Leach

Zimmerman (1970) recorded 27 North American species of this genus, and 12 possess a file on each metacoxal plate. Certain Palaearc- tic species also bear similar organs. There is intraspecific variation in the number and coarseness of lines in the file. The file is absent or less developed on females.

1. Laccophilus maculosus decipiens LeConte. The organ is present on the male only. The file (Fig. 3,4) consists of 35 to 45 lines (Zim¬ merman 1970), each about 140^ long. A well developed ridge of about 140^ long is present anteriomedially on the dorsal surface of the meta¬ femur (Fig. 7,9). The ridge is positioned so that it passes directly over the file as the leg swings in an arc across the metacoxa.

2. Laccophilus fasciatus Aube. The coxal file (Fig. 5,6), present on the male only, consists of 20 to 30 lines (Zimmerman 1970), each about 100/x long. Compared with L. maculosus, the entire file is located closer to the base of the metacoxa and the lines are shorter, broader, and deeper. The dorsal face of the metafemur possesses a short ridge (Fig. 8) of about the same length as the width of the file.

Genus Hydrovatus Motschulsky

Young (1963) noted a ridge bearing cross-striations on the anterior border of the meta-coxa of 2 Palaearctic species, H. cuspidatus Kunze and H. clypealis Sharp. A similar structure has not been found on any New World species, although we have not examined specimens of Hy¬ drovatus. Young suggested that the structure forms part of a stridu- latory organ but did not give a description of how the organ might operate.

Genus Agabus Leach

Organs of the file-and-ridge type occur on only a few species of this large genus. Two types of organ have been observed: 1) the file occurs on the mediolateral portion of visible abdominal sternum 3, and a ridge is present on the anterior margin of the metafemur; 2) a ridge occurs along the mediolateral portions of the suture between visible abdominal sterna 2 and 3, and the anterior margin of the meta¬ femur is cross-striated to produce a file. Interspecific differences in these structures involve the width and sharpness of the ridge and the coarseness of the file.

1. Agabus semipunctatus Kirby. The male possesses a very strong¬ ly developed file on the mediolateral area of visible abdominal sternum 3 (Fig. 12, 13). The lines are deep and the intervening ridges slope gradually posteriorly and internally, but abruptly externally and anter¬ iorly. The anterior dorsal margin of the metafemur is delimited by a longitudinal submarginal groove (Fig. 10). The file is arranged in a more or less concentric arc around the base of the leg. A similar organ occurs on the Palaearctic species affinis Paykull and unguicularis Thoms. (Guignot 1933).

58

LARSON & PRITCHARD: STRIDULATORY ORGANS

2. Agabus velox Leech. This species is closely related to A. semi- punctatus Kirby, and the males possess an organ of basically the same type. However, the sternal file (Fig. 14) is more irregular without the lines so strongly raised or showing a definite orientation. Also, the groove on the metafemur (Fig. 11) is not so well defined. _

3 Aaabus falli A. Zimmerman. Although this species is apparently closely related to A. semipunctatus Kirby, the file-and-ridge organ con¬ sists of the reverse type; that is the file (Fig. 24) occurs on the an¬ terior dorsal surface of the metafemur and the ridge is formed from the elevation of the suture between visible abdominal sterna 2 and 3. Only the male possesses such an organ. The file is moderately coarse and more or less unspecialized in that the lines run rougly at right angles to the leading edge of the femur (Fig. lb), and parallel to each

other throughout much of the length of the organ.

4. Agabus pisobius Leech. The organ, which consists of a sharp abdominal ridge (Fig. 15, 18) and a fine femoral file (Fig. 21), is

equally developed on both sexes. . ,

5 Aaabus punctatus Melsheimer. The organ is found on the male

only The sternal ridge (Fig. 16, 19) is fairly broad and somewhat rounded medially. The femoral file (Fig. 22) is about as coarse as that of A. falli . However, there is a greater tendency for the lines on the distal half of the femur to run obliquely in from the margin rather

than be oriented at right angles to the margin. ,

6. Agabus aeruginosus Aube. The organ possessed by t e ma e similar to that of A. punctatus , to which A. aeruginosus is closely relat¬ ed. The ridge (Fig. 17, 20) is broad with a low profile, and the hie (r ig. 23 26) is extremely coarse. The lines of the file are almost at rig angles to the leading margin of the femur basally,_but become oblique distally so that as the leg swings forward over the ridge, the lines main¬ tain their longitudinal axis at right angles to the longitudinal axis ot

the ridge (Fig. la). ., •

7 Agabus disintegratus Crotch. The sternal ridge (Fig. 25)

sharp and curved so that its anterior face is concave, and the femoral file (Fig. 27, 28) is extremely fine, formed from numerous short trans¬ verse lines. This development occurs only in the male Agabus taem- olatus Harris, a closely related species, possesses a similar organ on t e

male (Fig. 29).

Genus Carrhydrus Fall

Carrhydrus crassipes Fall, the only species of this endemic North American genus, possesses a peculiar organ formed by the labial palpi and the submentum (Fig. 30, 31). The penultimate article of each pal¬ pus is triangular in shape, with a sharp ventral and 2 lateral ridge . The anterior margin of the submentum is raised laterally and bears a series of coarse longitudinal ridges. When the palpus is bent back¬ wards and swung laterally, the median portion of the ventral ridge passes over the striae on the submentum. These structures are present and equally developed on both sexes. Fall (1922) described the peculiar structure of the labial palpus but did not suggest a function for it.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

59

Genus Colymbetes Clairville

The relevant structures in this genus consist of a sternal file and a lidge on the anteror margin of the metafemur. The file occurs on the mediolateral portion of the hind margin of visible sternum 2 (Fig. 32, 33, 34, 35). The area comprising the file is slightly raised and coarsely longitudinally striate. On most specimens, the striae are longitudinal¬ ly arranged medially, but become oblique laterally in a manner which maintains their longitudinal axis at right angles to the arc transversed by the femur (Fig. 2a). The file is present on both sexes of all species that we examined. However, on females of at least C. sculptilis Harris, the file is not so strongly raised as on the male. In addition, the striae on the female are slightly shorter and weaker, and the orientation of the ridges is roughly longitudinal throughout the length of the file and does not shift to a more oblique position laterally in correlation with the changing angle of incidence of the femur (Fig. 2b). Between species, the file varies in coarseness and in number of ridges from the few large coarse ridges of C. fuscus L. to the more numerous fine ridges of C. sculptilis.' A ridge is formed by the sharp anterior margin of the metafemur which is limited dorsally by a shallow submarginal longi¬ tudinal groove similar to that shown by Agabus semipunctatus .

These structures were known to Gahan (1900) who queried the stridulatory function assigned to the system by previous authors, on the basis that specimens of Colymbetes had not been heard to stridulate. Balfour-Browne (1950) illustrated the sternal file of the species fuscus L. and striatus L.

Genus Cybister Curtis

Crotch (1873) first described the organ possessed by this genus. The organ, present only on males, consists of a series of short coarse grooves on the inner basal margin of the metacoxa (Fig. 36) and a cor¬ responding ridge on the dorsal basal surface of the metatibia (Fig. 37). The number of grooves in the file varies between species. The file and ridge of C. fimbriolatus Say are illustrated in this paper.

Genus Hydaticus Leach

An unusual organ is present on the front legs of the males (Fig. 38, o9) of all North American species, and at least several Palaearctic species. The coarsely pitted dorsal surface of the second tarsal article (Fig. 31, 42) could act as a file across which can be moved a row of stout spines situated on the external margin of the protibia (Fig. 40). During the forward motion of the tibia, the movable spines bend back¬ wards and upwards; however, during the backstroke, the spines are held perpendicularly by a ridge which passes across the anterior basal margin of the spine row. Although the pitted sculpture of the pro¬ tarsus has been described for some European species (Rye 1859, in Balfour-Browne 1950), a function has not been postulated for it.

60 LARSON & PRITCHARD: STRIDULATORY ORGANS

Fig. 27. A. disintegrate : ibid; x 37.

Fig. 28. A. disintegrate: ibid; x 375.

Fig. 29. A. taeniolate : ibid; x 55.

Fig. 30. Carrhydre crassipes : ventral surface of head, lateral view of labial palpus and submentum ; x 26.

Fig. 31. C. crassipes : ventral surface of head, anterior view; x 23. Fig. 32. Colymbetes sculptilis: file of abdominal sternum 2 ; x 20. Fig. 33. C. exaratus : ibid ; x 42.

Fig. 34. C. fece : ibid ; x 42.

Fig. 35. C. sculptilis : ibid ; x 42.

Fig. 36. Cybister fimbriolatus : metacoxal file ; x 9.

Fig. 37. C. fimbriolatus : base of metafemur, dorsal view; x 220.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

61

Discussion

The structures described here possess the morphological require¬ ments of stridulatory organs of the type termed “frictional mechan¬ isms’’ by Haskell (1961). Some, such as those of Laccophilus maculosus decipiens or Agabus disintegratus possess a file of a fineness compar¬ able with acknowledged sound-producing mechanisms in other groups such as the Orthoptera. Others, which are clearly of the same mor¬ phological type as the above (e.g., Cybister or Agabus aeruginosus) , are much coarser but nevertheless compare with published drawings of certain frictional stridulatory organs in both Orthoptera and Hemip- tera (Haskell 1961). Also, in those organs with a coarse sculpture, the orientation between the ridge and the lines on the file, as the parts move across each other, is much more precisely matched than in species with fine sculpture (Fig. 1).

With the exceptions of Agabus pisobius, all species of Colymbetes examined, and Carrhydrus crassipes, well-developed structures of this type are present on the males only. They probably function primarily in courtship.

The described structures fall into 5 groups, based on the position on the body: 1). File on submentum, ridge on labial palpus {Carrhydrus) . 2). File on coxa, ridge on metafemur ( Laccophilus , Hydrovatus, Cy-

Fig. 38. Hydaticus modestus : left front leg, posterior view of pro- tibial spines and tarsal articles 1 to 3 ; x 75.

Fig. 39. Hydaticus modestus : ibid ; x 20.

Fig. 40. Hydaticus modestus : protibial spines; x 110.

Fig. 41. Hydaticus modestus : left protarsus, dorsal view; x 20. Fig. 42. Hydaticus modestus : protarsal article 2, dorsal view ; x 200.

62

LARSON & PRITCHARD: STRIDULATORY ORGANS

bister) 3) File on abdomen, ridge on metafemur (some Agabus, Colymbetes) . 4. Ridge on abdomen, file on metafemur (some Agabus). 5). File on protarsal article 2, spines on protibia (. Hydaticus )

Some of these groups are undoubtedly natural, with the studu structures homologous in the species included in the group. ?*' .?*_ ample, the organ possessed by the species of Hydaticus is very simfiar throughout the genus, probably having a common origin. On the othe hand, taxonomically distant species have developed similar fora of organs. Certain species of the genera Laccophilus and Cybistei possess a coxal file and a corresponding femoral ridge, although differences m the position and structure of these organs tend to confirm that the 2 genera are not closely related. Similarly the presence of a sternal file and femoral ridge on a few species of Agabus and on the species of Colymbetes seems to be attributable to convergence. .

Only a few species of Agabus, all of which appear to be closely re¬ lated possess sternal files ; have a different form of organ but still use essentially the same body parts. Among the North American species the sternal ridge femoral file type of organ is found m 4 groups. 1) falli group; 2) punctatus - aeruginosus group; 3) disintegratus group, 4“ pLbius group. While these species represent a single section of the large genus Agabus, it is doubtful that these organs were all inherited from a single ancestral stock; A. pisobius is very similar to A punc- tulatus Aube, oblongulus Fall, and colymbus Leech but . none of latter possess possible stridulatory organs While the latter 3 species are allopatric, the range of pisobius overlaps the distribution of both punctulatus and oblongulus and a stridulatory organ could provide : an isolating mechanism. Two of the 3 species of the disintegratus group, namely A. disintegratus Crotch and A. taeniolatus Harris, possess po - sible stridulatory organs, while the third species, A. lineellus LeCont , lacks an organ. Both species of the punctatus PuncMus Me^

sheimer and aeruginosus Aube, have metafemoral fie _ ridges. Agabus falli appears to be closely related to A. semipunctatus on the basis of habitus and male sexual and secondary sexual charac-

tprs vet it has an organ of a different type.

i/the function of these organs is sound production then these ob- servations support the views of Alexander, Moore, & Woodruff (1963) . “The rudimentary nature of acoustical behavior in beetles couP ^ with the great number and variety of species and systems mvo ve. makes this kind of behavior in these particular animals an appropriate subject for the study of evolutionary direction m the early elaboiation

of communicative systems.”

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Mr. Bob Fitch, Department of Civil Engineer¬ ing, University of Calgary, who was helpful m operation of the scan¬ ning electron microscope ; to Dr. J. B. Cragg whose critical reading of the text improved it immeasurably; and to Mr. H B. Leech California Academy of Sciences, for providing specimens of hard-to-obtam species of Agabus as well as reprints of early work. The work is supported in part by grants from the National Research Council of Canada and the University of Calgary Grants Committee.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

63

References

Alexander, R. D., T. E. Moore, and R. E. Woodruff. 1963. The evo¬ lutionary differentiation of stridulatory signals in beetles. (In- secta: Coleoptera). Anim. Behav. 11:111-115.

Arrow, G. J. 1924. Vocal organs in the coleopterous families Dytis- cidae, Erotylidae and Endomychidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 72:134-143.

Balfour-Browne, F. 1940. British Water Beetles. Vol. 1. London, Ray Society.

Balfour-Browne, F. 1950. British Water Beetles. Vol. 2. London, Ray Society.

Crotch, G. R. 1873. Revision of the Dytiscidae of the United States. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4:383-424.

Fall, H. C. 1922. A review of the North American species of Agabus.

Mt. Vernon, N. Y., John D. Sherman, Jr.

Freitag, R., and S. K. Lee. 1972. Sound producing structures in adult Cicindela tranquebarica (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) including a list of tiger beetles and ground beetles with flight wing files. Can. Ent. 104:851-857.

Gahan, J. 1900. Stridulating organs of Coleoptera. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1910:433-452.

Guignot, F. 1933. Les Hydrocanthares de France. Toulouse. Haskell, P. T. 1961. Insect sounds. London, Witherby.

Marcu, O. 1936. Uber das Zirporgan der Dytisciden. Ent. Blatter, 32:140-144.

VON Reeker, H. 1891. Die tonapparate der Dytiscidae. Arch. Naturgesch. 57:105-112.

Young, F. N. 1963. Two new North American species of Hydrovatus, with notes on other species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Psyche 70:184-192.

Zimmerman, J. R. 1970. A taxonomic revision of the aquatic beetle genus Laccophilus (Dytiscidae) of North America. Mem. Am. Ent. Soc. 26:1-275.

64

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

NOTICE OF

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

a) By-Law I. Section 6: Now reads: “A member whose dues have not been paid within a reasonable period of time as determined by the Execu¬ tive Committee will forfeit the privileges of membership. Such members may be reinstated upon payment of current dues. Proposed cha"8®- “ ' .membership. Such members may be reinstated upon payment of dues owed during the period of delinquency plus the current due*. The reason is obvious. If the returning member does not pay the delinquent dues, he has then received the Bulletin free for at least a year.

b) Article II. Now reads: “Object: The objective of the Society shall be to promote the study of Coleoptera/’ Proposed change: Object and Operation: The object of the Society shall be the advancement of the science of Coleopterology in all its aspects of theory, principles, method¬ ology and practice, for both living and fossil beetles with emphasis on areas of common interest to all coleoptensts regardless of individual specialization. With this object in mind, the Society shall be organized and operated exclusively for scientific and educational purposes. This amendment and the next are necessary for our tax exempt status

c) By-Law V. Termination of the Society. Now reads: It, tor any reason, the Coleopterists Society is terminated the assets of the Society will be turned over to the Entomological Society of America. Proposed change: “. . . .distributed to the 1) Society of Systematic Zoology, or 2) Entomological Society of America. However, if neither ^f the named re¬ cipients is then in existence, or if neither is then a qualified distribute , or if neither is willing or able to accept the distribution, then the assets of this organization shall be distributed to a fund, foundation, or corpora¬ tion organized and operated exclusively for the purposes specified in sec¬ tion 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code.”

d) By-Law II. Section 1. Now reads: “The officers and council of the Society shall serve as the Executive Committee. The immediate Past- President of the Society shall sit for one term as an ex-officio member ol the Executive, and shall be entitled to vote.” Proposed change: 1 he of¬ ficers, the council, and the editor of the Coleopterists Bulletin, shall serve as the Executive Committee. The immediate Past-President of the Society shall sit for one term as an ex-officio member of the Executive, and shall be entitled to vote.” Until now there has been little contact be¬ tween the Executive Committee and the Editor of the Bulletin. It the Editor is considered a full voting member of the Executive, he will be in a better position to present publication matters to the officers and council and to get increased feedback from them. Since the journal and its editor are not mentioned elsewhere in the Constitution, the following By-Law

might also be added. „ _ . , , n u ,, i

e) “By-Law VII. Journal. The journal of the Society shall be called

the “Coleopterists Bulletin” and shall be conducted by an Editor, who shall be appointed by the President, with the approval of a majority ol the Executive Committee.”

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

65

REVIEW OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORTHALTICA WITH NEW GENERIC SYNONYMY (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: ALTICINAE)

Gerhard Scherer

Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munich B.R.D.

Abstract

Livolia Jacoby, 1903, and Leptotrichaltica Heikertinger 1925 are

synonymized with Orthaltica Crotch, 1873. A key to Nearctic species is given.

While in the United States (N.S.F. Senior Foreign Scientist Fellow¬ ship), I became acquainted with the genus Orthaltica and recognized that the species are the Nearctic representatives of the genus Livolia whose distribution is the Ryu-Kyu-Islands, Asia, Micronesia, New Guinea, Aus¬ tralia, and Africa. After further study, it also became apparent that Lep¬ totrichaltica is a synonym of Orthaltica and that Leptotrichaltica rhois (B. E. White) is a synonym of L. recticollis (LeConte).

Upon my return to the Frey Museum, I was able to critically compare Orthaltica, Livolia, and Leptotrichaltica, and concluded that they are definitely congeneric. The main point in support of this proposal that all 3 genera are congeneric is that they all lack an extensor apodeme (Organ of Maulik). Previous observations regarding this structure in my revision of Livolia (1971) were incorrect. The oil of cloves which I used to prepare the specimens (as well as cold KOH) usually produces what appears to be an extensor apodeme. Since that time I have found that it is necessary to cook the insect in a 10% solution of KOH in order to see the extensor apo¬ deme. Also, I could find no external morphological characters, new or classical, with which to separate the genera.

The male genitalia of all North American Orthaltica and Leptotrichal¬ tica have an asymmetrical aedeagus, while the species of Livolia thus far examined have a symmetrical aedeagus. This is the best evidence that LeptotnchaUwa is congeneric with Orthaltica as this character is rare in

nu Altlcinae la'd)- The only other example I know is the genus

C halaenosoma in southern India. The aedeagus might prove to be impor¬ tant at the subgeneric level, but it is probably best not to speculate on subgeneric criteria until the entire genus is better known.

Genus Orthaltica Crotch

Orthaltica Crotch, 1873:69 (type-species: Crioceris copalina Fabricius* N

^aA^nJ.18A89:236’ 247; Blatchley> 1910:1206, 1215; Heikertinger, 1924-25 (1925):65; Arnett, 1963:914, 938.

Leptotrix Horn, 1889:236, 249 (type-species: L. recticollis ; N. America) (nec Menge, 1868: Araneae) see Leptotrichaltica.

66

SCHERER: N.A. ORTHALTICA

Livolia Jacoby, 1903:15 (type-species: L. sulcicollis Jac.; Africa; Scherer, 1961:268; 1969:10, 19, 118, 242; 1971:1-37. New Synonym. Leptotrichaltica Heikertinger, 1924-25 (1925):68 for Leptotrix Horn. New

MkZpUriZ' Laboissmre, 1933:205 (type-species: M^ coomani LaK; Ton¬ kin- Gressitt, 1955:35 (Alticinae); Gressitt & Kraioto, 1963.404, 575, Samuelson, 1965:219; Scherer, 1969:10, 19, 98; 1971:10 (as synon ) Serraticollis B. E. White, 1942:17 (type-species: S. rhois White, Calit., Arnett, 1963:938 (as synon.)

Shape compact, elongate-oval; length of body 1.0 to 2.8mm; color usually brownish but sometimes nearly black; elytral vestiture somewha

dense, but varies. . ,

The features which best characterize this genus are: each elytron with

9 more or less regular rows of punctures (the lateral and sutura rows no counted); punctation of scutellar field of elytra tends to be somewhat ir¬ regular and may show variation within the same species; lateral margin of pronotum usually toothed; antebasal impression of pronotum not inter¬ rupted laterally by longitudinal furrows, but instead, bending posteriorly and joining hind angles; pronotum strongly punctate; punctation of head moderate to strong, however, certain species groups distributed in Asia and Africa with as few as 4 setigerous punctures across frons; anterior coxal cavities closed; anterior and middle coxae widely separated; hind femora slightly swollen but small when compared to other Alticinae; extensor

apodeme (organ of Maulik) not present.

Type of genus: Orthaltica copalina (Fabricius)

Key to the Nearctic Species of Orthaltica

1.

1'.

2(1').

2'.

3(2').

3'.

Sides of pronotum not serrate Sides of pronotum serrate

melina Horn . 2

Punctation of elytral disc irregular; length 2.5-2.8mm

. copalina

Punctation of elytral disc serial; length 1.7-2. 5mm .

(Fabricius) . 3

Length 1.8-2.5mm; sexual dimorphism strongly evident: middle femora constricted at base, stronger in male than in female (Fig. 2b); pronotum of male longer and more produced

at apex than in female (Fig. 3) . . recticolhs (LeConte)

Length 1.70-1. 73mm; sexual dimorphism weakly evident, middle femora not constricted in either sex; Pr°notJ^ „otw. -t , both sexes subequal . P^ken (B. E. White)

Nearctic Species

Orthaltica copalina (Fabricius)

Crioceris copalina Fabricius, 1801:466; Olivier, 1808:720, PI. 5, Fig. 92 Orthaltica copalina Crotch, 1873:69; Horn, 1889:248; Blatchley, 1910:1215. Haltica forticornis Illiger, 1807:111 (Pennsylvania; Berlin ?)

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

67

Description: Length 2.5 to 2.8mm; color piceus (rarely reddish brown); head usually strongly punctate (Fig. 4b) although some specimens show finer punctation; frontal tubercles strongly convex; antennal sockets ap¬ proximate; antennae long, more than two-thirds length of elytra (longer in males); punctation of pronotum as coarse as on elytra and head, punc¬ tation less dense in front of antebasal depression; punctation of anterior elytral disc (scutellar field) confused, humeral calli very convex, basal calli raised; aedeagus, Fig. la.

Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Dakota; Canada (Ad and Lenox Co., Ontario)

New distribution records: Illinois: 2 without further data (Mus.Frey ); Maryland: 1 Bladensburg, Ja. 13/16, Ducket (Mus.Frey); Massachusetts: 13 ex. Lawrence (Mus.Frey); Missouri: 2 Fern Glenn, Franklin Co., G. W. Bock (Mus.Frey); new york: 3 Ithaca, June 23, 1925 (Mus.Frey); 1 White Lake July 12, 1897, J. L. Labriskic (Mus.Frey); 2 Pearl River, K. P. Jansson (Mus.Frey); north Carolina: 1 Black mts. V.1927, (Mus.Frey); Pennsylvania: 2 Wilmerding (Mus.Frey); 2 without further data (Mus.¬ Frey); 8 Bethlehem (Mus.Frey); 1 Philadelphia (Mus.Frey); Steelton, Dauphin Co.; Stoverdale; Heckton Mills; Harrisburg (all coll. Balsbaugh); south Dakota: Lincoln Co., Newton Hills State Park on Rhus glabra ; Canton; Union Co., Union Co. State Park on Rhus glabra. -Canada: On¬ tario, Ad and Lennox Co., J. F. Brimley (South Dakota State Univ.).

Fig. 1: Aedeagus of a) Orthaltica copalina, b) O. melina, c) O. recti- collis, d) O. parkeri (90 X).

68

SCHERER: N.A. ORTHALTICA

Fig. 2: a) front femora, b) middle femora, c) hind femora of left Or thaltica parkeri, right O. recticollis (60 X).

Orthaltica melina Horn

Orthaltica melina G. Horn, 1889:249 (Kansas, Texas; Acad. Nat. Sci. Pa.); Blatchlev, 1910: 1215, 1216 (Indiana).

Description: Length 2.0 to 2.2mm; yellowish to reddish brown; elytra occasionally with translucent, seemingly dark spots; antennal sockets nearly approximate (Fig. 4a); punctation between eyes slight and scat¬ tered! punctation on anterior elytral disk not confused; aedeagus as in

Fl? Distribution: Alabama, Indiana, Kansas, Pennsylvania, South Dakota,

New distribution records: Pennsylvania: Bucks Co., 2 mi. E. Mechan- icsville on Rhus radicans L„ E. U. Balsbaugh, Jr.; south Dakota: 38. Union Co. State Park on Rhus glabra, ll-VIII-71, G. Scherer (MusTrey), 12, Lincoln Co., Newton Hills State Park on Rhus glabra 7-VII-P> Scherer (Mus.Frey); loc. cit. E. U. Balsbaugh, Jr., Texas: 1 female, Dallas

(Mus.Frey).

Orthaltica recticollis (LeConte) New Combination

Haltica recticollis LeConte, 1862 (1861):358 (California-Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, Mass.).

Orthaltica recticornis (LeConte), Crotch, 1873:70. . - A

Leptotrix recticollis G. Horn, 1889:250, PI. 6, Fig. 11 (California and

Oregon).

Leptotrichaltica recticollis Heikertinger, 1924-25 (1925):68. . ,

Serraticollis rhois B. E. White, 1942:18, Fig. 1, 2, 4 (California Riverside Co., Beaumont on flowers of Rhus sp.-Cal. Acad. Sci., San Franci

New Synonym

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

69

O. recticornis appears to be a misspelling by Crotch (1873) for recti- collis. This is not cited again, even by Horn (1889) when he erected the genus Leptotrix for recticollis. In his description of Haltica recticollis, LeConte stated: “The western representative of our H. forticornis Ill. {Icopalina Fabr.), though very different from that species.”

Description: Length 1.8 to 2.4mm; color of head and pronotum red¬ dish, elytra yellowish to piceus brown, slightly brownish and clouded along the suture, darker than pronotum; punctation of elytral disc en¬ tirely regular; antennae moderately long, nearly one-half elytral length; head with scattered punctation between eyes, vertex alutaceous; frontal tubercles not prominent, shiny, seemingly polished; antennal sockets widely separate (Fig. 4c); sexual dimorphism evident, pronotum of male longer and more produced in front than in female (Fig. 3); femora con¬ stricted at base, constriction more pronounced in male than in female (Fig. 2); aedeagus Fig. lc.

New distribution records: California: Trinity Co., V.1.17, F. W. Nu- nenmacher, coll. 1 female (Mus.Frey), 1 ex. SDSU coll., (Mus.Frey in ex¬ change from Field Mus., Chicago, Nunenmacher coll.); California without further data 2 males, 2 females (Mus.Frey).

Fig. 3: Orthaltica recticollis male and female (40 X).

70

SCHERER: N.A. ORTHALTICA

Orthaltica parked (B. E. White) New Combination

Serraticollis parkeri B. E. White, 1942:20, Fig. 3 (Arizona: Globe, on

Rhus— Calif. Acad. Sci., San Francisco). . , .

Description: Length 1.70 to 1.73mm; middle femora not constricted at

base in either sex (Fig. 2); sexual dimorphism less evident, pronotum of male and female subequal; aedeagus Fig. Id. There is no apparent defer¬ ence in the coloration between parkeri and recticolhs. When compared with the males of parkeri, the males of reeticolUs show a stronger puncta- tion of the elytra and pronotum as well as somewhat more convexi y the elvtral intervals. The head in both species is similar; vertex sha- greened shiny and somewhat polished between the eyes with scattered punctures' the area between the oblique frontal tubercles forms a pit-like depression; the diameter of the eyes compared to the interocular distance fs proportionally the same with regard to the size of the specimen. The only other noticeable difference are in the femora. In O recticolhs the male femora (Fig. 2), especially the middle femora, are swollen and display a noticeable stalk-like constriction near the base. The degree of swelling of the middle femora shows variation in different specimens. Even though the female femora are less enlarged, they also show a somewhat stalk- ike constriction at the base. The femora of male parkeri, ever ‘though les* enlarged still display the stalk-like character in the middle and hin femora. The enlarged middle and hind femora m recticolhs are similar in shape to the femora of vestita (Baly) from Australia.

Even though the pronota of the males of recticolhs and parkeri have an oblong appearance, measurement shows the length and width species to bHubequal (Fig. 5); the pronotum of the female of rechco te is shorter than broad; I had no female specimens of parkeri to examine ( narkeri males: 0.55 X 0.55mm; 0.55 X 0.57mm; recticolhs males. 0.75 X 0 75mm; 0.65 X 0.67mm; rhois males: 0.77 X 0.81mm; 0.85 X 0.83mm; recti- colhs females: 0.68 X 0.58mm; 0.65 X 0.58mm; 0.75 X 0.70mm; rhois females; 0.65 X 0.56mm; 0.63 X 0.53mm).

Fig. 4: Head of Orthaltica melina a) O. copalina, b) O. recticolhs, c) (55 X).

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

71

Fig. 5: Orthaltica parkeri male (40 X).

The aedeagus of both species is very similar. In parkei'i it is somewhat more pointed, apically, although examination of a longer series may show this to be individual variation.

There is a size difference between the 2 species. O. parkeri is shorter ( parkeri 1.70 and 1.73mm; recticollis male 2.30, 2.20, 2.10, and 1.80mm; fe¬ males 2.10, 2.00, 2.40, 1.95 and, 2.00mm).

Parkeri may prove to be a small form or a subspecies of recticollis. As mentioned above, longer series of specimens should be examined.

Supplement

In G. A. Samuelson’s paper, “Alticinae of New Guinea I. Micrepitrix” (1965), 3 new species are described, 1 of which is Ai. serraticollis. At the time I wrote my paper, “The genus Livolia Jacoby and its disputed posi¬ tion in the system” (1971), I did not know of Samuelson’s paper and used the name serraticollis in the description of a new Livolia. A new name is given here for the species which I named as Livolia serraticollis.

Orthaltica impressiceps nom. nov. et comb. nov.

Livolia serraticollis Scherer, 1971:12, 27, PI. II Fig. 15, PI. IV Fig. 15 (Burma: Tenasserim— BMNH)

72

SCHERER: N.A. ORTHALTICA

Zusammenfassung

Wahrend meines Aufenthaltes in den U.S.A. wurde ich mit der Gat¬ ing Orthaltica konfrontiert und erkannte, dass es sich hier nur urn die nearktischen Vertreter eines Genus handelt, das seine Verbreitung iiber die Ryu-Kyu-Inseln, Asien, Mikronesien, Neu Guinea, Australien und Afrika hat. Bei intensiverer Beschaftigung mit dieser Gruppe erwies sich die Gattung Leptotrichaltica als synonym zu Orthaltica, die Art Lepto- trichaltica rhois als synonym zu Leptotrichaltica recticollis. Die Stellung in der Unterfamilie Alticinae wird bewiesen. Die Verbreitung dieser Gattung ist eine typisch tertiare. Die nearktischen Arten zeigen mit ihrem asymmetrischen Aedoeagus subgenerische Eigenschaften. In einem speziellen systematischen Teil wird samtliche Literatur fur die Gattung Orthaltica zitiert, es folgt eine Gattungsdiagnose. Ein Bestimmungsschliis- sel fiihrt zu den nearktischen Arten. Literatur und Verbreitung der nearktischen Arten ist angefiihrt, die Futterpflanzen zitiert. In einem Anhang bekommt das Homonym O. serraticollis Scherer einen neuen

Namen impressiceps.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank H. B. Leech (California Academy of Sciences) for the loan of specimens; Dr. P. J. Spangler (United States National Mu¬ seum) for literature not immediately accessible to me; Dr. E. U. Ba s- baugh, Jr. (South Dakota State University) for collaboration; and 1. N. Seeno (California Department of Food and Agriculture) for reading an critiquing the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1963. The beetles of the United States. The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D. C. p. 1-1112.

Crotch, G. R., and Cantab, M. A. 1873 Materials for the study of the Phytophaga of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia 1873:69. XT , , •

Heikertinger, F. 1925. Die Halticinengenera der Palaearktis und Nearktis.

Kol. Rundsch. 11:68. .

Horn, G. H. 1889. A synopsis of the Halticim of Boreal America. Trans.

Amer. Ent. Soc. 16:163-320. f .

Jacoby, M. 1903. A further contribution to our knowledge of African Phytophagous Coleoptera, Part II. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1903.

15

LABOlssifeRE, M. V. 1933. Descriptions de trois nouveaux Galerucini du Tonkin. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 5:203-208.

LeConte, J. L. 1862 (1861). New species of Coleoptera inhabiting the Pa¬ cific district of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-

phia 1861:358. . ,n ,

Samuelson, G. A. 1965. Alticinae of New Guinea I. Micrepitnx (Coleop¬ tera: Chrysomelidae). Pacif. Ins. 7(2):219-224.

Scherer, G. 1971. Das Genus Livolia Jacoby und seine umstnttene btel-

fung im System. Eine taxonomische-zoogeographische-evolutioms- tische Studie (Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae-Alticinae). Ent. Arb. Mus.

Frey 22:1-37. . r

White, B. E. 1942. A new genus and species of Coleoptera (Chrysomeli-

dae) from southwestern United States. Ent. News 53:16-21.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

73

AN AGRILUS NEW TO THE UNITED STATES (COLEOPTERA, BUPRESTIDAE)

Henry A. Hespenheide

Biological Sciences Group, University of Connecticut,

Storrs, CT 06268

Present Address: Department of Biology, University of California,

Los Angeles, CA 90024

Abstract

The Mexican Agrilus aurilatera Waterhouse is redescribed, a lectotype designated, and reported from Arizona for the first time.

Examination of Agrilus specimens in the collections of David S. Verity and E. Giesbert revealed the first records of the Mexican Agrilus aurilat¬ era Waterhouse from Arizona and the United States. The insect is very similar to the male of A. walsinghami Crotch (see Fisher, 1928), and the following diagnosis will enumerate the differences from that species to fa¬ cilitate identification. The genitalia are figured (Fig. 1).

Agrilus aurilatera Waterhouse, 1889,

Biol. Cent. -Am., Coleoptera III, 1:120.

Form of male Agrilus walsinghami, aeneus throughout, some specimens with a bluish tinge, except for the portions of the elytra lateral to the medial costa, which are more or less strongly golden or cupreous; 11.1- 13.0 mm long, 2. 9-3. 2 mm wide.

Head with the front wide, the margins of the eyes parallel, a relatively shallow oval depression and a narrow polished groove from the depression to the occiput; surface coarsely, densely punctate and conspicuously clothed with long white hairs which meet along the midline; antennae extending to about the middle of the pronotum, serrate from the fourth joint, the outer joints wider than long.

Pronotum as in A. walsinghami except that the medial depression is slightly shallower, prehumeral prominence oblique to the marginal carina rather than parallel, the marginal and submarginal carinae distinctly marked and separate for virtually their entire length.

Elytra similar in shape to those of A. walsinghami except that elytral apex is more gently rounded and less sharply angulate; disc with broad deep basal depression and 3 faint, relatively parallel costae, 1 along the sutural margin strongest and extending to apex, 1 at the middle faintest and extending two- thirds to four-fifths the length of the elytron, and another between these 2, intermediate in strength and about two-thirds the length of the ely¬ tron, all 3 much less strongly marked than in A. walsinghami’, surface more finely and uniformly imbricate-punctate than in A. walsinghami, uniformly clothed with short inconspicuous hairs which are somewhat denser between the medial and sutural costae.

Abdomen beneath more finely punctate than in A. walsinghami, all the segments pubescent over their entire area; basal segments less strongly

74

HESPENHEIDE: AGRILUS NEW TO U.S.

marked, uniformly and densely pubescent; the pubescence slightly denser in large oval spots along the anterior vertical margins; prosternum somewhat more densely pubescent than in A. walsinghami.

Sexes similar, the female larger. u

Specimens examined: Arizona: Cochise Co., Fort Huachuca, on Baccharis, 23-VII-69, A. E. Lewis [D. S. Verity Coll.]; Miller Canyon, 8-VII-1973, E. Giesbert [E. Giesbert Coll.]. Mexico: Michoacan, Pta. Gamica 9270', 8-VII-69, L. A. Kelton [CNCI]; Durango, 6 mi E Durango, 24-VI-64 H F. Howden [CNCI]; Chihuahua, Pinos Altos, Buchan- Hepburn, Lectotype [BMNH]; Guanajuato Guanajuato, Sale [BMNH], Duges (2) [BMNH]; Distrito Federal, Temascaltepec, 1931, G B. Hinton [BMNH]; without definite locality— Saunders. 74. 18

[BMNH], “Mexico, Salle Coll. 649” [BMNH].

Three specimens in the British Museum possess syntype labels e Saunders specimen bears an additional label “Agrilus aun atea, (Type) Wa- terh.” but is not cited in the original description and cannot be considered ype material. The specimen from Chihuahua has been designated the type arbi¬ trarily, and the Guanajuato specimen collected by Salle is considered a para-

tyP Agrilus aurilatera keys to A. concinnus Horn in Fisher’s key to North American Agrilus, despite its close similarity to A. walsinghami, because aurilatera lacks the pubescent spots found on the elytra of the latter species Besides the difference in geographic range from concinnus : and the overall difference in color, aurilatera lacks the conspicuous pubescence on the pronotum of concinnus, and possesses the faint costae on the elytra^ In a i- tion to the lack of pubescent spots on the elytra, aurilatera lacks the strong sexual dimorphism of walsinghami, has much less prominent elytral costae and lacks the well-defined pubescent spots on the basal and vertical parts ot

the abdominal segments.

Fig. 1. Genitalia of Agrilus aurilatera Waterhouse, dorsal (left) and ven¬ tral (right) views. Line indicates 1 mm.

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

75

Correspondence with David Verity, who contacted the collector (Dr. A. E. Lewis), pinpoints Baccharis sarothroides as the plant on which the Arizona aurilatera was collected. Specimens of A. walsinghami in my collection were collected by George N. Walters on rabbit brush ( Chrysothamnus sp.) on the Paradise Road, near Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona.

I would like to thank David Verity and Edmund Giesbert for loan of their specimens, the Canadian National Collection [CNCI] for loan of additional material, the British Museum (Natural History) [BMNH] for help during visits, and the University of Connecticut Research Founda¬ tion for funds under grant 35-451 to examine the type of aurilatera.

Literature Cited

Fisher, W. S. 1928. A revision of the North American species of buprestid beetles belonging to the genus Agrilus. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 145:1-347.

BOOK REVIEW

The biology of Tribolium ; with special emphasis on genetic aspects. V ol.

I by A. Sokoloff. 1972. Oxford University Press, Ely House, London, W. I. England, and 200 Madison Ave., N. Y., N. Y. 10016. 300 p. $41.00.

This volume contains a review of the known information on a single genus of Tenebrionidae. Chapter titles indicate the scope: 1) Introduc¬ tion; 2) Taxonomic position and evolutionary trends; 3) Morphology; 4) Internal anatomy and histology; 5) Electron microscopy; 6) Chromo¬ somes in Tribolium and Dermestes\ 7) Developmental and post-embryonic studies; 8) Teratological abnormalities; 9) Index. Volume 2 is to deal with geographic distribution and ecological aspects and Volume 3 primarily with genetic aspects, including irradiation. The Appendix is to include

. . . descriptions of equipment and techniques useful in handling beetles.”

Although this is primarily a literature review, Dr. Sokoloff intersperses some personal data, some of which appeared in the Tribolium Information Bulletin. It is extremely useful to have such extensive and scattered in¬ formation summarized in one place. However, the $41.00 price tag makes it out of reach for the average coleopterist, especially if there are 2 more volumes with the same price.

— R. E. Woodruff

76

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

LITERATURE NOTICES

The Anisodactylines (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpahm): Classi¬ fication, evolution, and zoogeography. 1973. Gerald R. Noonan. Quaes- tiones Entomologicae 9(4): 266-480; 254 fig.

The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (C°leoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae. 1973. D. E. Bright, Jr. and R. W. Stark. Bull. California Insect Survey 16:i-vi + 1-169; 84 fig. $8.50.

The ciid beetles of California (Coleoptera: Ciidae). 1974. John F. Law¬ rence. California Insect Survey 17:1-41; 37 fig. $2.25.

A critical study of the suborder Myxophaga, with a taxonomic revision of the Brazilian Torridincolidae and Hydroscaphidae (Coleoptera). 1973. Hans Reichardt. Arquivos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 24(2):73-162, 120 lg.

Type species for world genera of Anobiidae (Coleoptera). 1974. Richard E. White. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 99:415-475.

Insecta Helvetica Catalogus; 3. Coleoptera, Cerambycidae. 1973. ■ V . Allenspach. Schweiz. Entomolog. Gesellschaft Entomoiopches Institut der ETH, Universitatstrasse 2, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland. (35 Swiss

Francs).

A revision of Actium Casey and Actiastes Casey (Coleoptera: Pselaphi- dae). 1971. Albert A. Grigarick and Robert O. Schuster. Umv. Cahforn Publications in Ent. 67:1-56; 197 fig. $2.50.

Revision of the North American Ciidae (Coleoptera). 1971. John F. Law¬ rence. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) 142(5):419-522; 110 fig.

Host preference in Ciid beetles (Coleoptera: Ciidae) inhabiting the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes in North America. 1973. John F. Lawrence. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) 145(3): 163-212.

Description of immature stages of Philolithus densicollis and Stemi- mnrnha Duncticollis with notes on their biology (Coleoptera Tene- brionidaeP Tentyriinae). 1973. Kirby W. Brown. Postilla (Peabody Mu¬ seum, Yale Univ.) 162:1-28; 7 fig., 3 tables.

A revision of the genus Tachinus (Coleoptera: Staphyhnidae) of N^th and Central America. 1973. J. M. Campbell. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 90.1-137,

189 fig.

The Scolytidae and Platypodidae of Jamaica. 1972. Donald E. Bright. Bull. Inst. Jamaica, Science Ser. 21:1-108; 72 fig.

Revision of the genus Cymbiodyta Bed. (Coleoptera: Hydrophihdae). 1974. Ales Smetana. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 93:1-113; 147 fig.

Arthropod and nematode parasites, parasitoids and predators of Acrididae in America North of Mexico. 1973. N. E. Rees. U S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1460:1-288; 20 fig., 188 maps. [Coleoptera treated p. 144- 212, including families Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Canthandae, and Meloi-

dae].

THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 28(2), 1974

77

THE GENERA OF THE LISPININAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA.STAPHYLINIDAE)

Ian Moore and E. F. Legner1

Staff Research Associate and Professor of Biological Control, respectively, Division of Biological Control, Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California, Riverside

Abstract

A key is given to the genera of the subfamily Lispininae of America north of Mexico. A full generic description, distributional notes, and a habitus illus¬ tration of a member of each of the following genera is presented: Thoracophorus Motschulsky, Clavilispinus Bernhauer, Renardia Motschulsky, Eleusis Laporte, Nacaeus Bernhauer and Lispinus Erichson.

The genera of very few of the North American Staphylinidae have been adequately described and illustrated. The treatment which follows should for the first time make identification of genera of the subfamily Lispininae easy.

Because of their small anterior coxae and often depressed form, members of this subfamily have usually been associated with the Piestinae. Black- welder (1942) united them with the Osoriinae because of their unmargined abdomens. Moore (1964), considering the above characters partly adaptive (in some cases modification useful in a subcortical habitat), removed these genera to a subfamily by themselves, Lispininae.

The Lispininae may be briefly characterized as follows (Moore 1964): antennae 11-segmented, inserted at front margin of head near eyes; second abdominal segment absent; abdomen without paratergites; anterior coxae small, globose or peg shaped, usually not longer than wide.

Like the Osoriinae and Piestinae this is a large tropical subfamily, only a few of whose members are found in temperate regions. Most species are found under the bark of dead trees.

Key to the Genera of the Lispininae of America North of Mexico

1. Tarsi 3-segmented . Thoracophorus Motschulsky

1'. Tarsi 5-segmented . 2

2(1'). Anterior coxae contiguous . 3

2'. Anterior coxae separated by a spatulate process of the

prosternum . 5

3(2). Pronotum half as wide at base as apex 3'. Pronotum little narrowed at base .

. 4

Clavilispinus Bernhauer

78

MOORE & LEGNER: N.A. GENERA OF LISPININAE

4(3) Head with 2 longitudinal frontal impressions; pronotum

with 2 apical denticles . Renardia Motschulsky

4' Head without frontal impressions; pronotum without apical

denticles . Eleusis Laporte

5(2'). Abdominal sternites without diagonal strigae . -

. Nacaeus Blackwelder

5'. Abdominai sternites with diagonal strigae which are some¬ times not completely separate from the large punctures... . ....

. Lispinus Erichson

Clavilispinus Bernhauer

Form. Small, subcylindrical. Integuments rather densely, not coarsely, sculptured.

Head. Head quadrate, with or without a neck. Eyes moderate, not prominent. Antennae somewhat incrassate; their fossae located in front of eyes under a distinct ridge. Mandibles stout at base, short, with apex pointed and slightly hooked. Labrum transverse, apex evenly, not deeply emarginate, with few long setae and numerous ciliae. Maxillary palpi 4-segmented; first segment short; second longer than wide; third short, transverse; fourth almost as wide as third, twice as long as wide, slightly narrowed to rounded apex. Inner lobe of maxilla narrow, strongly hooked at apex, densely ciliate within. Outer lobe broad at apex which is densely ciliate. Labial palpi 3-segmented, first segment about as long as wide; second very short, transverse, as wide as first; third narrower than second, longer than wide. Ligula small, transverse, with a slender chitinous rod on each side extending well beyond apex. Gular

sutures united. Infraorbital carina wanting.

Thorax. Pronotum quadrate. Prosternum large, its process very short and blunt. Lateral prosternal sutures distinct. Hypomera delimited