Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73:1-11 (2015) Published 2015 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve survey reveals new records of xanthid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from northern Australia Tammy Iwasa-Arai 1 ’ 2 , Anna W. McCallum 3 * and Joanne Taylor 3 1 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia 2 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departmento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Campus Trindade, CEP 88040-970, Florianopolis, SC - Brazil. Email: araitammy@gmail.com 3 Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia. E-mail: amccallum@museum.vic.gov.au jtaylor@ museum.vic. gov. au, * To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: amccallum@museum.vic.gov.au Abstract Iwasa-Arai, T., McCallum, A.W. and Taylor, J. 2015. Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve survey reveals new records of xanthid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from northern Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 1-11. Sampling in 2012 (SOL5650 and SS2012t07) by the RV Solander and RV Southern Surveyor resulted in a small collection of decapod crustaceans, including brachyuran crabs. The surveys were undertaken on the shelf off northern Australia, including within the Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve as part of the Australian Government’s National Environmental Research Program Marine Biodiversity Hub. Here we report on nine species of Xanthidae collected during these surveys, including specimens from the subfamilies Actaeinae, Euxanthinae, Liomerinae and Zosiminae. Two species are reported for the first time in Australian waters ( Acteodes mutatus (Ortmann, 1894) and Atergatopsis granulata A. Milne Edwards, 1865). Keywords Crustacea, Decapoda, Xanthidae, Timor Sea, Australia, taxonomy The crab family Xanthidae Macleay, 1838, is one of the largest families of Brachyuran crabs in the world, comprising more than 123 genera and 570 species (De Grave et. al., 2009; Ahyong et al., 2011). Xanthids are the most diverse of the crab families in Australian waters represented by more than 168 species and 50 genera (Davie, 2002; Poore, 2004). Although Xanthidae share some diagnostic features such as shape of the carapace, dorsal surface, shape of anterolateral margins, cheliped and ambulatory legs, such characters are the result of convergence (Thoma et al., 2013). Recent studies show that the Xanthidae is polyphyletic and a major revision is required (Lai et al., 2011; Thoma et al., 2013). Recently, the Australian government established a system of offshore marine reserves. These reserves consist of protected areas of the ocean that are managed for the conservation of their marine life, and include examples of different marine ecosystems and habitats (Department of Environment, 2013). It is difficult to describe the biodiversity within many of these reserves because there has been little biological sampling. Thus, in late 2012 two surveys were undertaken in the Timor Sea by the RV Solander (SOL5650) and RV Southern Surveyor (SS2012T07). The RV Solander surveyed the proposed Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve, describing the fauna to increase the understanding of species within the reserve and contributing to the knowledge base of Australian tropical shelf habitats. This area includes a variety of seabed geomorphic features from depths of 30 to 180 m, including carbonate banks, terraces and pinnacles, recognised in the North and North-West Marine Region Plans as a Key Ecological Feature with potential biodiversity hotspot (Nichol et. al., 2013). The second survey was undertaken as part of the transit of the RV Southern Surveyor between Darwin and Cairns in October 2012 (Przeslawski et. al., 2013). Brachyuran crabs were not the primary taxa of interest during these surveys but some species were encountered. Here we report on these collections of xanthid crabs in Australian waters of the Timor Sea. Material and methods Specimens were collected by staff from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Geoscience Australia (GA), University of Western Australia (UWA) and the Museum & Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MGNT), aboard the RV Solander and during a transit leg aboard the RV Southern Surveyor and immediately fixed and preserved in 95% ethanol. 2 T. Iwasa-Arai, A.W. McCallum & J. Taylor Morphological terminology generally follows Serene (1984) and Ng et. al. (2008). Carapace length (Cl) is measured along the dorsal midline from the rostral apex to the posterior margin of the carapace, and carapace breadth (Cb) is the largest measurement between anterolateral teeth along the dorsal line. Specimens are deposited in Museum Victoria (NMV) and comparative material was examined from the Queensland Museum (QM). Other abbreviations: G1 is the first male gonopod; G2 is the second male gonopod; acq. refers to the sample number allocated to the specimen on board the vessel at the time of collection. Photos of specimens were taken at Museum Victoria using an SLR Nikon D300S digital camera with 60 mm Nikkon lens for large specimens, and a Leica DFC500 camera and microscope M205 high resolution digital camera system with Auto Montage software for small specimens. Some photographs of live specimens were taken during the survey. Systematics Family Xanthidae MacLeay, 1838 Subfamily Actaeinae Alcock, 1898 Actaeodes mutatus Guinot 1976 (Figure 1A) Actaea areolata Dana, 1852b: 162.—Dana, 1855: pi. 8 fig. 1.—A. Milne Edwards, 1865: 264 (not Actaeodes areolatus Dana, 1852a: 77). Actaea areolata? Miers, 1884: 209.—Rathbun, 1924: 16. Actaeodes areolatus-, Guinot, 1967: 561.—Sakai, 1976: 449. Actaeodes mutatus Guinot, 1976: 247.—Serene, 1984: 133 (key) 134 (key).—Morgan, 1990: 41.-Davie, 2002: 513. Material examined. NMV J46921, 1 female (Cb = 18.1 mm. Cl = 11.5 mm), northern Australia, Arafura Sea, Survey SS2012t07 Stn 12 (acq. 272), 10°57.76-57.79'S, 136°48.03-48.03'E, 60.6-62.8 m, benthic sled, 18 Oct 2012. Colour in preservative. Carapace reddish brown with orange granules on the lobes. Ambulatory legs brown with beige setae. Chelipeds reddish brown with orange granules on the lobes dorsally, and beige ventrally, fingers black. Abdomen brown with beige setae. Remarks. Acteodes mutatus occurs across tropical Australia and the Indo-West Pacific. It is similar to Acteodes semoni (Ortmann, 1894) but can be distinguished by the basal antennal segment which fills the orbital hiatus that is normally open, whereas in A. semoni the basal antennal segment is excluded from the orbit. Another character used to define A. mutatus is the subdivision of 3M into three parts. In our specimen this subdivision is not well defined. However, it is likely this character is variable within the species. Distribution. Indo-west Pacific (Mergui Archipelago, to southern Japan, and east to French Polynesia) (Davie, 2002). Paractaea rufopunctata plumosa Guinot, in Sakai, 1976 (Figure IB) Paractaea rufopunctata forma plumosa Guinot, 1969: 248, fig. 21 . Paractaea rufopunctata plumosa Sakai, 1976a: 450, fig. 240b, pi. 159, fig. L .—Muraoka, 1998: 42. Paractaea rufopunctata f. plumosa Serene, 1984: 121(key), 122(key), pi. 16C. Material examined. NMV J46922,1 male (Cb=29.1 mm, 0=19.7 mm), northern Australia, Arafura Sea, Survey SS2012t07 Stn 08 (acq. 204), 11°13.32-13.38'S, 134°45.12-45.12’E, 27.7-27.9 m, benthic sled. 17 Oct 2012; NMV J54546, 1 female (Cb=27.2 mm, 0=18.1 mm), off Ningaloo North, SS10/2005 153, 21°59.17-59.79'S, 113°49.2-49.14'E, 165-166 m, beam trawl, 11 Dec 2005; NMV J61124, 1 ovigerous female (Cb=11.9 mm, 0=8.5 mm), 1 female (Cb=13.1 mm, 0=9.1 mm) north-western Australia, SS05/2007 188, 12°26.7-26.96’S, 123°36.05-36.59’E, 95-95 m, beam trawl, 6 July 2007; NMV J17772, 2 females (Cb=15.3-15.5 mm, 0=10.2-10.4 mm), Australia, Queensland, Tryon island (Capricorn Group) 23°14’S, 151°46’E, 1 m, Sep 1970. Colour in preservative. Carapace dark brown with orange lobes; medial lobe of subdivided 2M, top of 3M, IP, and inside parts of 5L highlighted with dark orange granules. Ambulatory legs pale brown with patch of orange granules on the dorso- medial region of merus and propodus, beige ventrally. Chelipeds dark brown with orange and dark orange patches; fingers black. Abdomen beige with orange patches between segments. Remarks. Guinot (1969) described a number of “formes” of this species but only a few are currently considered valid subspecies. The Arafura sea specimen most closely resembles the subspecies P. rufopunctata plumosa as the cardiac region is not subdivided into 2 parts, and the black colouration of the fixed finger of the male chelipeds extends onto the palm (Guinot, 1976; Serene 1984). Specimens from Western Australia reported as Paractea rufopunctata (see Poore et. al. 2008) also fit the description of P. rufopunctata plumosa. Distribution. Indo-Pacific Oceans including northern Australia (Guinot, 1976; Sakai, 1976; Serene, 1984). Depth range: shallow waters-130 m. Subfamily Euxanthinae Alcock, 1898 Euxanthus sp. (Figures 1C, 2A-F) Material examined. NMV J46923, 1 juvenile male (Cb=7.9 mm, Cl=5.6 mm), northern Australia, Timor Sea, Oceanic Shoals Commonwealth Marine Reserve, Survey SOL5650 station unknown (acq. 20052), 12 Sep-6 Oct 2012. Description. Carapace (Figs. 2A; 2B) about 1.4 times as broad as long, regions well defined, convex, strongly areolated, smooth; 2M entirely divided longitudinally; 3M and 3L distinct, entire; 1L indistinct; 4M fused with 3M; 4L merging with third anterolateral tooth; 2L partially divided transversely with shallow groove on medial margin; 2P distinct; 1R Xanthid crabs from northern Australia 3 Figure 1. A, Actaeodes mutatus Guinot 1976, female, 18.1 X 11.5 mm (NMV J46921); B, Paractaea rufopunctataplumosa Guinot, in Sakai, 1976, male, 29.1 X 19.7 mm (NMV J46922); C, Euxanthus sp., male, 8.12 X 5.83 mm (NMV J46923); D, Liomera edwardsi Kossmann, 1877, male, 9.37 X 5.83 mm (NMV J46927); E, Liomera margaritata , male, 16.3 X 9.8 mm (NMV J46928); F, Atergatopsis granulata A. Milne Edwards, 1865, female, 19.6 X 12.9 mm (NMV J46929); G, Atergatopsis alcocki, male, 32.4 X 22.4 mm (NMV J46930); H, Lophozozymus dodone (Herbst, 1801), male, 16.7 X 10.4mm (NMV J46931). Photos: T. Iwasa-Arai. 4 T. Iwasa-Arai, A.W. McCallum & J. Taylor separated from 2R by indistinct transverse granular ridge, 2R, 3R indistinct. Pterygostomial region setose, tuberculate. Front (Fig. 2C) about 0.3 times carapace width, bilobed, distinctly produced beyond internal orbital angle; lobes separated by V-shaped cleft, which continues on frontal region as shallow groove. Supraorbital margin indistinctly granular, with no clear external orbital tooth. Orbits relatively small, width about 0.2 times carapace width. Eyes with short stalks, smooth; corneas well developed. Anterolateral margin with 4 broadly triangular teeth: first rounded, apices of third tooth at the point of maximum carapace width. Posterolateral margin concave, convergent posteriorly. Median part of posterior carapace margin almost straight. Antennules folding transversely. Basal antennal segment large, smooth, subrectangular, occupying entire space between antennular fossa, internal orbital angle, filling orbital hiatus; flagellum arising from distal margin, not reaching outer edge of orbit. Posterior margin of epistome with median projection. Outer surface of third maxillipeds smooth (Fig. 2D). Merus subquadrate, median length about half that of ischium, with 2 shallow depressions on either side of low, submedian, smooth ridge. Margins smooth, anterior, internal and external margins slightly concave. Ischium subrectangular, inner margin with short, stiff setae; with shallow, longitudinal sub¬ median groove. Exopod smooth, tapering toward distal end, falling short of anterior edge of merus; flagellum long. Surface of thoracic sternum smooth, anterior region elongate. Sternites 1-2 completely fused to form triangular plate. Sternites 3-4 completely fused, with suture visible at sternite edges and represented by a transverse furrow; sternite 4 with oblique depression on either side of median. Intersternal sutures depressed, giving sternites 5-7 a raised appearance. Sterno-abdominal cavity deep; anterior limit reaching to imaginary line joining posterior edges of cheliped coxae; tubercle for abdominal locking mechanism on sternite 5 slightly nearer to suture with sternite 4. Chelipeds similar, subequal. Fingers (Fig. 2F) shorter than palm, cutting edges with 4 teeth, brown, tips pointed. Dactylus slightly curved, with 3 granulate ridges and deep submarginal groove along length, stiff short setae on upper margin. Fixed finger slightly deflexed with 3 smooth ridges and broad submarginal groove continuing from palm. Palm outer surface with 4 large nodules, with 2 irregular rows of granules near convex proximal-lower margin; inner surface relatively smooth. Carpus short, dorsal and ventral surface smooth, outer surface with 2 prominent round expansions, upper margin with 2 small nodules. Inner surface of fingers, palm and carpus coapted against pterygostomial/hepatic region of carapace. Merus rugose, ventral surface tuberculose, slightly longer than carpus, with rectangular, ventro-distal tooth apposed against carpus. Ambulatory legs (Fig. 2E) smooth, edges with setae; second leg longest, coxa-to-dactylus length about 0.8 times carapace width. Merus subrectangular and flattened in cross- section. Dorsal surface of carpus with one large nodule and serrated anterior edge. Propodus subquadrate, with two smaller nodules on the dorsal surface, short setae; terminates distally in curved chitinous claw. External surface of male abdomen, telson smooth. Abdominal somites 1-2 subtrapezoidal, with two shallow longitudinal grooves on either side of central raised region. Somites 3-5 immovably fused, with a transverse depression between somites 3 and 4; lateral margins slightly concave. Somite 6 quadrangular, central region slightly raised, lateral margins slightly concave. Telson subtriangular with rounded tip, lateral margins relatively straight, median length about 0.7 times basal width, about 0.7 times shorter than penultimate somite. G1 not observable, G2 very reduced in size, without setae or spines. Colour in preservative. Carapace pale rose with pale orange patches in lateral part of 5L, 1R, bottom of 4M, medial part of 2M and 2L, and the anterolateral edges of anterolateral teeth; ambulatory legs, chelipeds and abdomen pale rose. Remarks. As the material described herein is limited to a single small juvenile male, we hesitate to describe it as a new species at this stage. Euxanthus sp. is similar to Ewcanthus ruali Guinot, 1971 and Ewcanthus herdmani Laurie, 1906 which both have four teeth on the anterolateral margin of the carapace and a smooth dorsal surface. The material is most similar to E. herdmani described from the Philippines (see figure ID, Mendoza and Ng, 2010), but can be distinguished by: the carapace shape which is narrower in E. herdmani (Cb/Cl holotype= 1.33) than Euxanthus sp. (Cb/Cl= 1.41); anterolateral teeth that are acute and noticeably larger in Ewcanthus sp. than E. herdmani ; the frontal part of the carapace, in which the frontal and orbital lobes are of similar size in E. herdmani , while in Ewcanthus sp. the frontal lobes are distinctly larger than the orbital lobes. Ewcanthus sp. can be distinguished from E. ruali from New Caledonia and Japan, by the anterolateral teeth which are unequal in size (last two larger) in E. ruali, and subequal in Ewcanthus sp. Subfamily Liomerinae Sakai, 1976 Liomera edwardsi Kossmann, 1877 (Figure ID) Liomera edwardsi Kossmann, 1877: 28. Carpilodes edwardsi.— Miers, 1886: 133(part).—Odhner, 1925: 13, pi. 1, fig. 5.—Holthuis, 1953: 13.—Serene & Luom, 1960: 176 (key). Carpilodes laevis.— Milne-Edwards, Nobili, 1906b: 215 (part).— Michel, 1964: 23 (not A. Milne-Edwards, 1873). Carpilodes sayademalhensis Rathbun, 1911: 211, pi. 17, fig. 5.— Ward, 1942: 83. Liomera edwardsi.— Guinot, 1967: 266.—Serene, 1968: 72.— Sakai, 1976: 393, fig. 209a, pi. 139, fig. 5.—Muraoka, 1998: 38. — Davie, 2002: 543. Liomera (Liomera) edwardsi.— Serene, 1984: 49 (key), 54 (key), 58, pi. 5C. Material examined. NMV J46927, 1 male, Cb=9.4 mm, 0=5.8 mm (acq. 10282) Survey SOL5650, Stn 014 BS002, 12°4.133'-4.133'S, 127°26.164'-26.164'E, 36-34 m. Benthic sled, 17/09/2012; NMV J46926, 1 female Cb=14.2 mm, 0=9.2 mm (acq. 10100) Survey SOL5650, Stn 019 GR026,12°4.842,127°25.815'E, 49 m. Smith Mac, 18/09/2012; NMV J46924, 1 female, Cb=10.8 mm, 0=7.1 mm (acq. 10327) Survey SOL5650, Stn 016 BS004, 12°4.491'S, 127°25.742'E, Xanthid crabs from northern Australia 5 45 m. Benthic sled, 17/09/2012; NMV J46925, 1 male, Cb=15.6 mm, Cl=9.8 mm (acq. 20251) Survey SOL5650, Stn 074 BS022, 12°4.49'- 4.52'S, 127°26.62-26.62'E, 59-66 m. Benthic sled, 03/10/2012. Colour in preservative. Carapace crimson with white patches mostly on 3R, sometimes extending to 5L and 2L Ambulatory legs crimson with bands of white at the distal and proximal ends; chelipeds crimson with black fingers. Abdomen mostly white with crimson patches. All specimens presented crimson and white colouration, but differ in proportion of white. Remarks. Liomera edwardsi was the only species with more than one specimen collected during the Timor Sea Oceanic Shoals survey. Liomera edwardsi is very similar to L. tristis (Dana, 1852), L. laevis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), L. sagamiensis (Sakai, 1939) and L. nigropunctata (Serene & Van Luom, 1960), but can be distinguished by a projecting areole well separated from 2M and IF (Serene, 1984) on the dorsal surface. This species was previously recorded in Australia by Odhner (1925) from one specimen collected from Holothuria Bank, Northwest Australia. Distribution. Comoro Islands (Mayotte), Madagascar (Tulear), Djibouti and Red Sea, South China Sea, Japan (Kii Peninsula), Solomon Islands (Peros Bankos), Northwest Australia, Australia (Holothuria Bank) (Odhner, 1925; Sakai, 1976; Serene, 1984). Depth range 15-59 m. Liomera margaritata (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) (Figure IE) Carpilodes margaritatus Milne-Edwards A., 1873: 182, pi. 5, fig. 2.—Henderson, 1893: 353. -Whitelegge, 1897: 131,-Alcock, 1898: 85.—Odhner, 1925: 24, pi. 2, fig. 4.-Gravely, 1927: 146, pi. 21, fig. 26. —de Man, 1929a: 1. —de Man, 1929b: 2.—Chopra & Das, 1937: 395, fig. 5.—Sakai, 1939: 476, fig. 36.—Lin, 1949: 22.—Serene & Luom, 1960: 174, 178(key), 185, fig. 2F, pi. 2D.-Buitendijk, 1960: 261, fig. 3b.—McNeill, 1968: 74. Liomera margaritata.— Sakai, 1965b: 144, pi. 72, fig. 3.—Guinot, 1967: 266. -Serene, 1968: 72. -Sakai, 1976: 396, fig. 211. -Dai & Yang, 1991: 271, fig. 145 (2), pi. 34 (2).-Yu et al„ 1996. -Jeng, 1997.—Davie, 2002: 543. Liomera (Liomera) margaritata.— Serene, 1984: 63, fig. 23, pi. 7A. Chlorodius exiguus Targioni Tozzetti, 1877: 48, pi. 4, figs 1-5, 9.— Odhner, 1925: pi. 5, figs 8, 8a. Carpilodes striatus de Man, 1887: 232, pi. 8, fig. 1. Carpilodes ruber.— Ortmann, 1893: 468. (not A. Milne Edwards, 1865) Carpilodes diodoreus Nobili, 1906a: 403.—Nobili, 1906b: 216, pi. 10, fig. 9.—Klunzinger, 1913: 138. Not Carpilodes rugipes (Heller, 1861).—Rathbun, 1910: 351. Not Carpilodes margaritatus.— Lanchester, 1900b: 731.= aff. Atergatopsis amoyensis de Man, 1879. Material examined. NMV J46928, 1 male, Cb=16.3 mm, Cl=9.8 mm (acq. 292) Survey SS2012t07, Stn 11, 10°57.66'-57.73'S, 136°47.68'- 47.94'E, 108.8-92.8 m. Benthic sled, 18/10/2012. NMV J10923, 1 female, Cb=9.1 mm, 0=5.7 mm, Australia, Queensland, Dingo Beach. Coll. 08/08/1971. Comparative material examined. QM W36046,1 male, Cb=14.6 mm, 0=9.4 mm, Great Barrier Reef Seabed Diversity Survey. Site id: 2731: 22°2.7’S, 150°36.3'N, 53.4 m, RV Lady Hasten , 23/09/2004; QM W37911, 1 male, Cb=21.6 mm, 0=13.4 mm, Site id: 2126: 22°59.7'S, 149°58.5'N, 52.9 m, RV Lady Basten, 29/09/2004. Colour in life. Carapace orange with white anterolateral margins, IP, 2P and 3R white. Ambulatory legs orange. Chelipeds orange dorsally and white ventrally with dark brown fingers. Abdomen white (Fig. 5). Colour in preservative. Carapace pale orange with white anterolateral margins, IP, 2P and 3R white. Ambulatory legs light orange. Chelipeds orange dorsally and white ventrally with dark brown fingers. Abdomen white. Remarks. Within the genus Liomera , this species is characterised by a completely divided 2M region, which makes it similar to, Liomera monticulosa (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873), Liomera rugipes (Heller, 1861), and Liomera rubra (A. Milne- Edwards, 1865). It differs from the latter three species, which have 1M separated from the interior part of 2M. Serene (1984) describes L. margaritata with well-defined regions 4L, 5L, and 6L, but in our specimens these regions are fused and not well defined. Also, colour in live specimens are different, described as uniformly pale violet by Serene (1984), while our specimens are orange colour with white anterolateral margins. As the G1 morphology agrees well with illustrations of L. margaritata provided by Serene (1984), we conclude that the variation described above is likely to be intra-specific. Distribution. Queensland (Great Barrier Reef, NE coast); Indo- west central Pacific Oceans (Madagascar and Red Sea to Japan, New Guinea, Samoa, New Caledonia). Depth range subtidal-107 m. Subfamily Zosiminae Alcock, 1898 Atergatopsis alcocki (Laurie, 1906) (Figure 1G) Actaea alcocki Laurie, 1906: 403.—Odhner, 1925: 43, pi. 3, fig. 4.—Balss, 1938b: 54, pi. 2, figs 3-4. Xantho bowensis.— Rathbun, 1923:103, pi. 20, figs 1-3. Atergatopsis alcocki.— Guinot, 1969: 232, fig. 15a-c.—Sakai, 1976: 413, fig. 218,-Serene, 1984: 141 (key), 142 (key). Aff. Atergatopsis alcocki.— Serene, 1984: 143 (list), pi. 20 E. Material examined. NMV J46930, 1 male, Cb=32.4 mm, Cl=22.4 mm (acq. 118) Survey SS2012t07, Stn 02, 11°13.78'-13.78'S, 134°44.47'- 44.44'E, 23.3 m. Benthic sled, 17/10/2012. Colour in preservative. Carapace brown, darker in the first half, until last anterolateral tooth; ambulatory legs brown/orange; chelipeds brown with black chelae; abdomen beige. Remarks. The specimen from the Timor Sea agrees well with the description in Laurie (1906). The holotype is described by Laurie as yellowish with a circular brown patch in the gastric region in live specimens. The single male specimen from the Timor Sea lacked the brown patch as does the specimen described by Rathbun (1923, plate 20) collected in Queensland, Australia. 6 T. Iwasa-Arai, A.W. McCallum & J. Taylor Distribution. Sri Lanka, Singapore, Japan (Kii Peninsula), Australia (Queensland and Northern Australia) (Laurie, 1906; Rathbun, 1923; Sakai, 1976). Depth range 15-35 m. Atergatopsis granulata A. Milne-Edwards, 1865 (Figure IF) Atergatopsis granulatus A. Milne-Edwards, 1865: 255, pi 13, figs 2, 2b.—Kossmann, 1877: 22,-Cano, 1889b: 190,-Nobili, 1906b:235.—Klunzinger, 1913: 156(60).-Balss, 1935: 137; 1938: 55, pi. 3, fig.3.—Monod, 1938:122, fig. 14,-Buitendijk, 1960: 283.- Guinot, 1964: 14, fig. 2a, b; 1967c: 262; 1971: 1074.— Serene, 1968: 74,-Ribes, 1978: 126.- Serene, 1984: 143, fig 83, pi. 20b. Not Atergatopsis granulatus.— Miers 1884b: 529 = not Atergatopsis, according to Buitendijk (1960). Not Atergatopsis granulatus— Miers 1886: 123 = Atergatopsis tweediei Balss, 1938b, according to Buitendijk (1960). Not Atergatopsis granulatus.— Balss, 1924 a: 6, fig. 1 = Banareia parvula (Krauss, 1843). Material examined. NMV J46929, 1 female, Cb=19.6 mm, Cl=12.9 mm (acq. 10327) Survey SOL5650, Stn 016 BS004, 12°4.8'-12°4.8'S, 127°25.74-127°25.77, 45-46 m. Benthic sled, 17/09/2012. Colour in preservative. Carapace pale orange with a pair of dark orange spots anterior to 5L. Ambulatory legs same colour as carapace. Chelipeds pale orange with black fingers. Abdomen beige. Remarks. While this is the first record of this species in Australian waters, the species has previously been recorded from across the Indian Ocean and as far as the South China Sea. It is very similar to Atergatopsis tweediei Balss, 1938 described from the Seychelles, South-East Asia, and Papua New Guinea. Both species have chelipeds with chisel-shaped fingers, and a single large subproximal tooth on the pollex. According to Serene (1984) the two species can be distinguished by the amount of granulation on the carapace. Atergatopsis tweediei is entirely smooth on most of its median carapace, with granules only on the anterolateral margins. While the carapace of A. granulata is entirely covered in granules, they are smaller and less numerous in the median and posterior parts. In our specimen, region 3M of the carapace is almost smooth but all other regions are granular. Distribution. Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan (Karachi), Aldabra, South China Sea and New Guinea (Serene, 1984). Depth range: 26-46 m. Lophozozymus dodone (Herbst, 1801) (Figure 1H) Cancer dodone Herbst, 1801: 37, pi. 52, fig. 5. Xantho radiatus Milne-Edwards H., 1834: 398. Xantho lamelligera White, 1848: 225. Atergatis lateralis White, 1848: 225.—Adams & White, 1848: 39, pi. 8, fig. 1. Xantho nitidus Dana, 1852a: 74.—Dana, 1852b: 166.—Dana, 1855: pi. 8, fig. 4a-b. Atergatis elegans Heller, 1862: 519.—Heller, 1865: 7, pi. 1, fig. 3. Lophozozymus radiatus Milne-Edwards A., 1873: 206 (part). Lophozozymus dodone Hilgendorf, 1879: 789 (nomen nudum).— Miers, 1884: 517, 527,-Henderson, 1893: 361,-Ortmann, 1893: 457.—Ortmann, 1894b: 50,-Alcock, 1898: 108,-Calman, 1900: 6.- Borradaile, 1902: 361.—Laurie, 1906: 399.—Rathbun, 1907: 39.— Rathbun, 1911: 214.—Bouvier, 1915: 289.—Odhner, 1925: 82.—Balss, 1938a: 39.-Ward, 1942: 85,-Tweedie, 1950: I15.-Barnard, 1950: 218, fig. 39f, g.—Buitendijk, 1960: 294, fig. 7b.—Edmondson, 1962: 230, fig. 3f.—Michel, 1964: 27,-Sakai, 1965a: 45, pi. 6, fig. 6.- Sankarankutty, 1966: 50.—Guinot, 1967: 266.—Garth, 1973: 319.— Sakai, 1976: 407, pi. 146, fig. 2.-Serene, 1977: 50,-Guinot, 1979: 64, pi. 8, fig. 1-la.—Kensley, 1981: 44,-Serene, 1984: 168 (key), 169 (key), 170, pi. 24E.-Sakai K„ 1999: 34, pi. 18B. -Davie, 2002: 543. Lophozozymus Dodone.— de Man, 1887: 270, pi. 10, fig. 2. Not Lophozozymus dodone —Rathbun, 1906: 846, pi. 8, figs 2, 2a.= Lophozozymus rathbunae Ward, 1942. Not Lophozozymus dodone —Forest & Guinot, 1961: 54, fig. 39.= Lophozozymus glaber Ortmann, 1893. Material examined. NMV J46931, 1 male, Cb=16.7 mm, Cl=10.4 mm (acq. 20921) Survey SOL5650, Stn 063 BS020, 11°23.83'-23.81'S, 126°54.49'-54.46'E, 88-85 m. Benthic sled, 01/10/2012. Colour in preservative. Front and anterolateral margins of carapace beige, with remnants brownish orange Ambulatory legs pale orange, patches of 3R and IP and 6L beige. Chelipeds pale orange in dorsal view and beige in ventral view with black fingers. Abdomen beige with segments 1 and 2 brownish orange. Remarks: Widely distributed in tropical Australia, L. dodone is distinctive in the genus by its rugosities and punctuations on the carpus and external face of the cheliped palm of the male (Serene, 1984). Lophozozymus dodone was compared with images available of specimens collected from the central Pacific (Legall and Poupin, accessed 2013) and it seems thatL. dodone can have different colour patterns also in life, varying from the carapace being dark brown with the front and anterolateral margins beige to the carapace being vivid red with anterolateral margins white, differing also in the amount of white/beige on the front and anterolateral margins, sometimes with white patches that can extend until the second half of the carapace. Lophozozymus dodone was previously only known from shallow waters (7-8 m) but is recorded here from a depth of 88 m. Distribution. Hawaii, Tahiti, Fiji, Cocos-Keeling, South Africa, Japan (Amami Group and Ishigaki Island), Andaman Sea, and Australia (Northern Australia) (Sakai, 1976) Depth range 7-88 m. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Chris Rowley and Melanie Mackenzie (Museum Victoria) for collection management support, the staff from the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Geoscience Australia (GA), University of Western Australia (UWA) and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MGNT), who collected specimens during the surveys. Surveys were undertaken by the National Environmental Research Program (NERP) program, an Australian Government initiative. The NERP Marine Biodiversity Hub is a collaborative partnership between the Charles Darwin University, University of Tasmania, University of Western Australia, CSIRO, Geoscience Australia, Australian Institute of Marine Science and Museum Victoria. Xanthid crabs from northern Australia 7 Figure 2. Euxanthus sp., male (NMV J46923) (7.9 X 5.6mm): A, carapace, dorsal view; B, carapace, ventral view; C, frontal view; D, third maxilliped ; E, fourth right leg; F, right cheliped. 8 T. Iwasa-Arai, A.W. McCallum & J. Taylor We also thank Mark Elgar (University of Melbourne) for his support, and Peter Davie (Queensland Museum) for taxonomic advice and the loan of comparative material. Finally, we thank the Program Science Without Borders , Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientffico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brazil. References Adams, A. and A. White, 1848. Crustacea. Part 1. In: A. Adams (ed.). The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, during the years 1843- 1846, 1-32, pis 1-6. Benham & Reeve, London. Ahyong, S., Lowry, J.K., Alonso, M., Bamber, R.N., Boxshall, G.A., Castro, R, Gerken, S. Karaman, G.S., Goy, J.W., Jones, D.S., Meland, K., Rogers, D.C., and Svavarsson, J. 2011. Subphylum Crustacea. In: Zhang, Z.Q. (ed). Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148:165-191. Alcock, A.W., 1898. Materials for a carcinological fauna of India. No. 3. 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A guide to identification (with chapter on Stomatopoda by Shane Ahyong). CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne. 574 pp. Poore, G., McCallum, A., and Taylor, J. 2008. Decapod Crustacea of the continental margin of southwestern and central Western Australia: preliminary identifications of 524 species from FRV Southern Surveyor voyage SS10-2005. Museum Victoria Science Reports 11: 1-106. Przeslawski, R., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Smit, N., Evans-Illidge, L., Dethmers, K. 2013. Benthic Biota of Northern Australia: SS2012t07 Post-survey Report. Record 2013/07. Geoscience Australia: Canberra. Rathbun, M.J., 1906. The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23(3): i-viii, 827-930, figs 1-79, pis 1-24. Rathbun, M.J., 1907. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, from August, 1899 to March, 1900, Commander Jefferson F. 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Sakai, K., 1999. J.F.W. Herbst - collection of Decapod Crustacea of the Berlin Zoologica Museum, with remarks on certain species. Naturalists, Publications of Tokushima Biological Laboratory, Shikoku University, 6: 1-45, pis 1-21. Sakai, T., 1939. Studies on the crabs of Japan. IV. Brachygnatha, Brachyrhyncha, pp. 365-741, figs 1-129, pis 42-111, table 1. Yokendo Co., Tokyo. Sakai, T., 1965a. Notes from the Carcinological Fauna of Japan. (II). Researches on Crustacea, 2: 37-46, figs 1-2, pis 5-6, frontispieces 2- 3. (In Japanese and English). Sakai, T., 1965b. The Crabs of Sagami Bay, collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, i-xvi, 1-206 (English text), figs 1-27, pis 1-100: 1-92 (Japanese text): 1-26 (references and index in English): 27-32 (index in Japanese), 1 map. Maruzen Co., Tokyo. Sakai, T., 1976. Crabs of Japan and the Adjacent Seas. (In 3 volumes: (1) English text: i-xxix, 1-773, figs 1-379, (2) Plates volume: 1-16, pis 1-251, (3) Japanese text: 1-461, figs 1-2, 3 maps.) Kodansha Ltd, Tokyo. Sankarankutty, C., 1966. On Brachyura collected during cruise of U.S. Research Vessel Anton Bruun. Journal of the zoological Society of India, Calcutta, 16(1-2): 48-52, figs 1-2. Serene, R., and N.V. Luom, 1960. Les especes de Carpilodes (Bachyura-Xanthidae) du Viet-Nam. Annales de la Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Saigon, 1960: 173-187, figs 1-2, pis 1-2. Serene, R., 1968. The Brachyura of the Indo-West Pacific region. In: Prodromus for a check list of the non-planctonic marine fauna of South East Asia. UNESCO Singapore National Academy of Sciences, Special publication No. 1, Fauna IIIC3: 33-112. Serene, R., 1972. On the Brachyuran fauna of the Indo-Pacific coral reefs. Proc Sym Corals Coral Reefs. Marine Biological Association of India, Cochin: 419-425. Serene, R., 1977. 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Short Descriptions of new or little-known Decapod Crustacea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15(pt. 15, no.79) (1847): 222-228, 2 figs. White, A., 1847. Short descriptions of some new species of Crustacea in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20: 205-207. Whitelegge, T., 1897. The Crustacea of Funafuti. In: The Atoll of Funafuti, Ellice Group: its Zoology, Botany, Ethnology, and General Structure based on Collections made by Mr. Charles Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. Australian Museum Memoirs, 3(2): 125-151, pis 6-7. Yokoya, Y., 1933. On the Distribution of Decapod Crustaceans inhabiting the Continental Shelf around Japan, chiefly based upon the Materials collected by S.S. Soyo-Maru, during the years 1923- 1930. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, 12(1): 1-226, figs 1-71, tables 1-4. Yu, H.-P, M.-S. Jeng, T.-Y. Chan, P.-H. Ho & J.-Y. Shy, 1996. Studies on the land and aquatic decapod crustacean fauna of the Renting National Park, ii+79 pp. Ministry of the Interior, Taipei, (in Chinese with English abstract) Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73:13-18 (2015) Published 2015 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Halearcturus , a new genus of Antarcturidae Poore, 2001 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) with a key to genera of the family GARY C. B. Poore (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C004D784-E842-42B3-BFD3-3r7D359F8975) Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia. E-mail: gpoore@museum.vic.gov.au (http://zoobank.Org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2DA12AA5-0ECA-426D-A41C-CEF966DDDlB2) Abstract Poore, G.C.B. 2015. Halearcturus , a new genus of Antarcturidae Poore, 2001 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) with a key to genera of the family. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 13-18. A new genus Halearcturus is erected for a single species, Arcturus serrulatus Whitelegge, 1904. It differs from all other antarctuiid genera in the combination of having an antennal flagellum of one major article plus a short curved tapering article (all other genera have either three or four articles, or about nine, plus a terminal one) and is unusual in lacking a uropodal exopod. Halearcturus has unique complex ornamentation; it lacks both a strong medial posterior spine and a pair of prominent sublateral spines on the pleotelson, typical of other antarcturids. The genus has a single species from south-eastern Australia. A key to genera of Antarcturidae is presented. Keywords Crustacea; Isopoda; Valvifera; Antarcturidae; Halearcturus ; new genus; key Introduction The family Antarcturidae Poore, 2001 includes over 120 species, many presently or formerly included in the genus Antarcturus zur Strassen, 1902 (Schotte et al., 2008 onwards). Brandt (1990) revised Antarcturus, erecting five similar new genera. The number of genera in Antarcturidae has grown since then to eighteen. Nevertheless, generic differentiation remains problematic. No phylogeny exists, the characters used to differentiate genera remain unclear, several species are difficult to place, several species are undescribed (especially in southern Australia), and nomenclatural issues remain. Compounding the problems are 41 species that have been described or included later in the genus ‘ Microarcturus Nordenstam, 1933’. This name is a nomen nudum (Poore, 2001). Poore (2003) allocated most of these to other genera in Antarcturidae Poore, 2001, Austrarcturellidae Poore and Bardsley, 1992, Holidoteidae Wagele, 1989, orPseudidotheidae Ohlin, 1901 but two were said to belong to new genera. This contribution deals with one of these by erecting a new monotypic genus. Arcturus serrulatus Whitelegge, 1904 is an easily recognised southern Australian species on account of its unique decoration of prominent plate-like projections. It was included in Antarcturus by Stebbing (1908) and placed in Microarcturus by Nordenstam (1933). The species was redescribed and illustrated more fully by Hale (1946) but remains in taxonomic limbo. This opportunity is taken to present an interim key to genera currently included in Antarcturidae. The most recent key dealt with only few Antarctic genera in the context of the arcturid subfamily Arcturinae (Wagele, 1991). Material is deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney (AM) and Museum Victoria, Melbourne (NMV). Key to genera of Antarcturidae Poore, 2001 1. Pereopods 2-4 bearing few well spaced straight stiff setae along flexor margins of carpus to propodus; body and limbs covered with fine short setae.2 - Pereopods 2-4 bearing numerous closely and regularly spaced fine ‘filter setae’ along flexor margins of at least merus to propodus; body and limbs smooth.3 2. Pereonal and pleonal segments each with pair of dorsolateral spines of similar lengths; eyes unpigmented.. . Thermoarcturus Paul & Menzies, 1971 - Pleotelson with 1 pair of dorsolateral spines much longer than others; eyes pigmented. . Spinarcturus Kensley, 1978 3. Antenna flagellum of 9 or more short articles.4 - Antenna flagellum of 4 or fewer short articles.9 4. Pleonite 1 free from remaining segments of pleotelson. .5 - Pleonite 1 fused to remaining segments of pleotelson.7 14 G.C. B. Poore 5. Pleonites 5 and 6 with middorsal spines. . Marmachius Poore, 2012 - Pleonites without middorsal spines.6 6. Head without pair of spines between eyes, pereon and pleon without submedian, sublateral and supracoxal spines; pleotelson without prominent medial posterior spine dorsal to margin. . Furcarcturus Baltzer, Held and Wagele, 2000 - Head with pair of spines between eyes, pereon and pleon with pairs of submedian, sublateral and supracoxal spines; pleotelson with prominent medial posterior spine dorsal to margin. Oxyarcturus Brandt, 1990 7. Pleotelson with paired submedian spines or tubercles, with marginal lateral spines. . Antarcturus zur Strassen, 1902 - Pleotelson without paired submedian spines or tubercles, without marginal lateral spines.8 8. Head without pair of submedian spines between eyes; pereonites without middorsal, sublateral or supracoxal spines (tubercles at most). Litarcturus Brandt, 1990 - Head with pair of submedian spines between eyes; pereonites with sublateral and supracoxal mushroom-like tubercles; pereonites 1-4 with middorsal tubercles on posterior margins. Tuberarcturus Brandt, 1990 9. Pleonites without middorsal spines.10 - One or more pleonites with middorsal spines or tubercles .17 10. Head with pair of submedian spines.11 - Head without pair of submedian spines.15 11. Eyes absent.12 - Eyes present, pigmented.13 12. Pereonites with paired submedian and sublateral tubercles; pereopods 2-4 with regular rows of long setae along flexor margins of merus-propodus, unguis setiform. . Abyssarcturus Kussakin and Vasina, 1995 - Pereonites without paired submedian and sublateral spines; pereopods 2-4 with regular rows of long setae along flexor margins of merus-dactylus, unguis short, curved. Glaberarcturus Kussakin and Vasina 1998 13. Pleotelson with paired submedian and lateral spines, with prominent paired posterior sublateral spines. . Fissarcturus Brandt, 1990 - Pleotelson with prominent medial posterior spine dorsal to margin or apex prominently produced.14 14. Pereopods 2-4 with regular rows of long setae along flexor margins of merus-propodus. . Acantharcturus Schultz, 1981 - Pereopods 2-4 with regular rows of long setae along flexor margins of merus-dactylus. . Chaetarcturus Brandt, 1990 15. Pleotelson without pairs of sublateral spines.16 - Pleotelson with prominent pair of sublateral spines near midpoint. Caecarcturus Schultz, 1981 16. Eyes pigmented; pleotelson dorsal surface convex, not differentiated from lateral margin, with medial spine prominently posteriorly produced. . Cylindarcturus Schultz, 1981 - Eyes absent; pleotelson dorsal surface bulbous, differentiated from lateral margin by longitudinal groove, without prominent medial posterior spine. . Globarcturus Kussakin and Vasina, 1994 17. Pleotelson with 2 middorsal tubercles near apex, with paired submedian and sublateral spines. . Halearcturus gen. nov. - Pleonites 2 and 3 with middorsal spine; pleotelson without pairs of submedian and sublateral spines.18 18. All pereonites with paired sublateral tubercles and supracoxal spines; pleotelson with prominent paired posterior sublateral spines; pereopods 2-4 with unguis short, curved. Mixarcturus Brandt, 1990 - Pereonites without paired sublateral spines or supracoxal spines; pleotelson without prominent paired posterior sublateral spines more dominant than other spines; pereopods 2-4 unguis setiform. . Pleuroprion zur Strassen, 1903 Halearcturus gen. nov. Zoobank LSID. http://z 00 bank. 0 rg/urn:lsid:z 00 bank. org: act: 8 0A B 03 F2 - 0DA D -4205-9831-B 8F3 0D3 D0757 Type species. Arcturus serrulatus Whitelegge, 1904, by monotypy and original designation (masculine). Diagnosis. Body weakly geniculate between pereonites 4 and 5, anterior pereon slightly elevated. Head with pair of submedian spines between eyes; pereonites with supracoxal spines on all pereonites, with paired sublateral tubercles, without paired submedian spines, without middorsal spines; pleonite 1 fused to remaining pleotelson; pleotelson with 2 middorsal tubercles near apex, without paired submedian spines, with pairs of sublateral tubercles, with marginal lateral projections, without prominent paired posterior sublateral spines more dominant than other spines, without prominent medial posterior spine dorsal to margin. Antennal flagellum of 2 articles, first about third as long as peduncle article 5, second quarter length of first. Pereopods 2-4 with regular row of long setae along flexor margins of merus-propodus, second row on mesial face. Pereopods 2-4 unguis short, curved. Pleopod 1 of male exopod groove opening distolaterally on margin, scarcely produced at opening. Pleopod 2 of male, appendix masculina acute, at least 1.5 times as long as endopod. Uropod without exopod. Halearcturus, a new genus of Antarcturidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) 15 Oostegites 2-4 supported by ventral coxal processes, largest on pereonite 4; oostegite 5 absent, without ventral coxal processes. Etymology. For Herbert Mathew Hale (1895-1963) whose contributions significantly expanded knowledge of marine isopods in southern Australia, combined with Arcturus, a commonly used genus stem. Composition. Type species only. Remarks. Several characters set this genus and its only species apart from other antarcturids. Halearcturus serrulatus is unique in the family in having an antennal flagellum of one major article plus a short curved tapering second article; all other genera have either three or four articles, or about nine of similar lengths, plus a terminal one. The genus is unusual in lacking a uropodal exopod but may not be unique in this regard. The exopod is absent also in ‘ Microarcturus’ digitatus Nordenstam, 1933, now accepted as Mixarcturus digitatus (Nordenstam, 1933) (Poore, 2003), but not in M. abnormis (Kussakin, 1967), type species of the genus. The exopod was said to be absent in Antarcturus usitatus Schultz, 1978 although it is present in all other species of the genus. Halearcturus has unique complex ornamentation of plate¬ like tubercles and lacks both a strong medial posterior spine and a pair of prominent sublateral spines on the pleotelson. Abyssarcturus Kussakin & Vasina, 1995, Globarcturus Kussakin & Vasina, 1994 and Tuberarcturus Brandt, 1990 (and some members of the loosely defined Fissarcturus Brandt, 1990) share this pleotelsonic spination but all three have very different patterns of body ornamentation. Abyssarcturus and Globarcturus lack pigmented eyes and have a 4-articled antennal flagellum. Abyssarcturus has a setiform unguis on pereopods 2-4. Tuberarcturus has middorsal tubercles on the posterior margins of pereonites 1-4 and a 9-articled antennal flagellum. Spinarcturus Kensley, 1978 and Thermoarcturus Paul & Menzies, 1971 have simple pleotelsonic sculpture but both genera (one species each) are covered with a mat of fine setae and lack the pairs of long ‘filter-setae’ on pereopods 2-4 (Wagele, 1987) which are usual in Antarcturidae. Halearcturus serrulatus (Whitelegge, 1904) Fig. 1 Arcturus serrulatus Whitelegge, 1904: 414-416, figs 118a-c. Antarcturus serrulatus.— Stebbing, 1908: 53. Microarcturus serrulatus.— Nordenstam, 1933:128.—Nierstrasz, 1941: 261.—Hale, 1946: 200-202, figs 23, 24. Type locality. Australia, NSW, off Wattamolla [as Wata Mooli], 99- 108 m (HMCS Thetis stn 57) (type material lost). Figured specimens. Bass Strait, 70 km SW of Cape Otway, 39°26.60'S, 143°6.8'E, 115 m, NMV J8593 (male, 6.7 mm). 8 km S of South East Point, Wilsons Promontory, 39°13.80'S, 146°27.3'E, 65 m, NMV J62821 (ovigerous female, 10.0 mm). Other material examined. NSW, off mouth of Manning River, 31°55'S , 152°52’ E, AM P.11752. 25-28 km NE of South Head, Port Jackson, 33°44’ S, 151°38'E, AM P.11671. Jervis Bay, 35°3'S, 150°44’ E, AM G.940. 22.4 km off Batemans Bay, 35°45'S, 150°30’ E, AM P.10715. Bass Strait, Western Port and E of Tasmania: 43 specimens from Museum Victoria collections (see http://museumvictoria.com.au/ collections-research/our-collections/). Redescription. Ovigerous female, 10.0 mm. Head front, concave; with pair of anteriorly-directed curved blade-like projection between eyes; pair of tuberculate submedian bosses and pairs of small dorsolateral and lateral lobes on maxillipedal segment. Pereonites 1-4 each with pair of prominent submedian anteriorly-curved, hook-like projections, pair of smaller conical projections near posterior margin, pair of lateral anteriorly-directed projections each with small conical boss on anterior margin (lateral projection small on pereonite 1). Pereonites 5-7 each with pair of lateral flat-topped projections and much smaller cone near posterior margin. Pleonite 1 with pair of lateral posteriorly-directed. Pleonite 2 with pair of strong dorsolateral conical projections and smaller lateral posteriorly-directed cones. Pleonite 3 with low median boss, pair of smaller dorsolateral cones, pair of lateral wings directed posteriorly. Pleonites 4-6 and telson with 4 pairs of submedian conical tubercles, fourth largest, 3 sublateral conical tubercles, second largest, 3 pairs of lateral triangular tubercles, 1 median tubercles in front of apex, and apex with 1 dorsal median tubercle. Coxa 1 fused to pereonite, with 3 triangular flat lobes. Coxae 2-4 free, each with 2 anterior and 2 posterior triangular flat lobes, the most posterior on pereopod 4 elongated as oostegite support. Coxae 5-7 fused, with lateral flat-topped tubercles and anterior and posterior triangular lobes. Antennule flagellum blade-like, toothed; flagellum with 8 pairs of aesthetascs + 3 single subdistal aesthetascs. Antennal peduncle articles 2-4 laterally flattened, with teeth on upper margin. Pereopod 2 basis with 2 teeth each on extensor and flexor margins; merus with small tooth at midpoint and large distal blade-like tooth on extensor margin; carpus with blade-like tooth at midpoint of extensor margin; propodus with 4 small teeth on extensor margin; dactylus with 2 small teeth on extensor margin, with short unguis. Pereopod 3 basis with 3 teeth on extensor and 6 on flexor margins; merus with distal blade-like tooth on extensor margin and small tooth on flexor margin; carpus with 2 blade-like teeth on extensor margin, small spine on flexor margin; propodus and dactylus as in pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 basis with 4 spines on extensor and 10 spines on flexor margin, irregularly arranged; ischium with spines on flexor margin; merus with distal blade-like tooth on extensor margin and small tooth on flexor margin; carpus with 2 blade-like teeth on extensor margin, small spine on flexor margin; propodus and dactylus as in pereopod 2. Pereopod 5 with 4 tubercles on extensor margin, 3 on flexor margin; ischium irregularly tuberculate; merus and carpus each with 2 robust setae on conical projection on margin; propodus with 5 robust setae on conical projection on margin; dactylus curved. Pereopods 6 and 7 similar, less ornate, bases shorter. Uropodal peduncle with 2 longitudinal-oblique rows of tubercles, 3 in row next to suture, 5 larger in midline; endopod triangular; exopod absent. Sternite 8 simple flat, without oostegite. 16 G.C. B. Poore Figure 1. Halearcturus serrulatus (Whitelegge, 1904). a, female habitus; b, dorsal view of pleotelson. c, d, left male pleopod 1 in anterior and posterior views, e, left male pleopod 2 in posterior view, f, ventral view of coxae and oostegites of pereopods 4, sternum of pereonite 5 [a, b, reproduced from Hale (1946); c-e, NMV J8593; f, NMV J62821], Halearcturus, a new genus of Antarcturidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera) 17 Male, 6.7 mm. Body more slender than ovigerous female, as typical of Antarcturidae. Head with pair of blade-like horns between eyes, each with acute tip and small acute point on anterior margin; pair of large submedian hemispherical bosses. Pereonites 2-4 each with pair of sublateral hook-like anteriorly-directed tubercles, pair of small tubercles near posterior lateral margin, pair of lateral marginal flat triangular lobes, directed anteriorly. Pereonites 5-7 each with pair of lateral conical tubercles. Pleonite 1 with pair of small lateral tubercles, with pair of sharp conical tubercles on sternum anterior to pleopods 1. Pleonite 2 with pair of large sublateral tubercles. Pleonite 3 with median boss. Remaining pleotelson with 2 pairs of obsolete submedian tubercles, 3 pairs of sublateral tubercles, second largest, 3 pairs of lateral wings, first largest, 1 median tubercles in front of apex, and apex with 1 dorsal median tubercle. Coxae 1-4 unarmed. Coxae 5-7 each with obsolete anterior and posterior lateral tubercles. Pereopod 2 merus with blade-like tooth on extensor margin; carpus with 2 blade-like teeth on extensor margin; propodus with 3 teeth on extensor margin; dactylus with 2 teeth on extensor margin. Pereopods 3 and 4 similar: basis with small marginal teeth; ischium with small tooth on flexor margin; merus with 1 blade-like tooth on extensor margin; carpus with 2 blade-like teeth on extensor margin, small spine on flexor margin; propodus and dactylus as in pereopod 2. Pereopods 5-7 similar: basis with irregular teeth; merus and carpus each with 2 robust setae on conical projection on margin; propodus with 4 robust setae on conical projection on margin; dactylus curved. Pleopod 1 exopod with oblique groove opening laterally at about 90% of length, opening surrounded by dense setation, most distal part lamellar. Pleopod 2 endopod with tapering simple appendix masculina curving anteriorly, 1.6 times length of endopod. Uropodal peduncle with 2 longitudinal-oblique rows of tubercles, 3 in row next to suture, 3 larger in midline. Colour. Pale with small brown lateral spot on each segment of pereon and pleon and pereopodal coxa, 1 or 2 on each pereopodal basis, ischium, merus and carpus, 2 on uropod. Size (total length). Largest male, 6.7 mm; largest ovigerous female, 10.0 mm. Distribution. Southeastern coast of Australia and eastern Bass Strait, 32°S-43°S. Remarks. The two syntypes are lost (Springthorpe and Lowry, 1994). Nevertheless, Whitelegge’s (1904) description and his few drawings can be interpreted and reconciled with the abundant available material - the species is unmistakable and common in collections on the shelf of southeastern Australia. Sampling on the NSW shelf has been intensive, especially in the 1970s-1980s and no other antarcturid matches his description. Hale’s (1946) description and more complete illustrations of material from Bass Strait are similarly unmistakable. His habitus drawing is reproduced here. The redescription above is limited to the body armature and to those features important in differentiation of antarcturid genera: antenna, pereopodal dactyli, male pleopods 1 and 2, female sternite 8 and the uropod. Both Whitelegge and Hale illustrated and described ovigerous females. The diagnostic ornamentation can be discerned in a reduced form in specimens of all sizes. Acknowledgements Most of the material was collected during exploratory cruises in Bass Strait and the southeastern Australian slope supported by the former Marine Sciences and Technologies Scheme and the Australian Research Council. Early work on Isopoda Valvifera, of which this is part, was supported by grants from the Australian Biological Resources Study. References Baltzer, C., Held, C., and Wagele, J.W. 2000. Furcarcturuspolarsterni gen. nov., a large deep-sea arcturid isopod from the Drake Passage, with a preliminary molecular characterization. Polar Biology 23: 833-839. Brandt, A. 1990. Antarctic valviferans (Crustacea, Isopoda, Valvifera) new genera, new species and redescriptions. E.J. Brill: Leiden. 176 pp. Hale, H.M. 1946. Isopoda -Valvifera. British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, 1929-1931. Reports- Series B (Zoology and Botany) 5: 161-212. Kensley, B. 1978. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 7. Marine Isopoda. Annals of the South African Museum 74: 125-157. Kussakin, O.G. 1967. Fauna of Isopoda and Tanaidacea in the coastal zones of the Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. [Translation from Russian by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1968.]. Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955-1958) 3: 220-389. Kussakin, O.G., and Vasina, G.S. 1994. Description of Globarcturus angelikae gen. et sp. n., the first Antarctic hadal arcturid from the South Sandwich Trench (Crustacea, Isopoda: Arcturidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 2: 241-245. Kussakin, O.G., and Vasina, G.S. 1995. Antarctic hadal arcturids, with descriptions of a new genus and five new species (Isopoda: Valvifera: Arcturidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 3: 207-228. Kussakin, O.G., and Vasina, G.S. 1998. New bathyal and abyssal arcturids from the western Antarctic and Subantarctic (Crustacea: Isopoda: Arcturidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 7: 55-75. Nierstrasz, H.F. 1941. Die Isopoden der Siboga-Expedition. IV. Isopoda Genuina. III. Gnathiidea, Anthuridea, Valvifera, Asellota, Phreatocoidea. Siboga-Expeditie 19: 235-308. Nordenstam, A. 1933. Marine Isopoda of the families Serolidae, Idotheidae, Pseudidotheidae, Arcturidae, Parasellidae and Stenetriidae mainly from the South Atlantic. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1901-19033 : 1-284, 282 pis, errata. Ohlin, A. 1901. Isopoda from Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. I. Valvifera. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Expedition in die Magellanregion oder nach den Magellansldndern 1895-1897 2: 261-306, pis 220-225. Paul, A.Z., and Menzies, R.J. 1971. Sub-tidal isopods of the Fosa de Cariaco, Venezuela, with descriptions of two new genera and twelve new species. Boletm del Instituto Oceanografico, Universidad de Oriente 10: 29-48. Poore, G.C.B. 2001. Isopoda Valvifera: diagnoses and relationships of the families. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21: 205-230. 18 G.C. B. Poore Poore, G.C.B. 2003. Revision of Holidoteidae, an endemic southern African family of Crustacea, and re-appraisal of taxa previously included in its three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Journal of Natural History 37: 1805-1846. Poore, G.C.B. 2012. Marmachius, a spectacular new genus of Antarcturidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 3559: 61-68. Poore, G.C.B., and Bardsley, T.M. 1992. Austrarcturellidae (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera), a new family from Australasia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 6: 843-908. Schotte, M., Boyko, C.B., Bruce, N.L., Poore, G.C.B., Taiti, S., and Wilson, G.D.F. 2008 onwards. World list of marine freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans, http://www.marinespecies.org/ isopoda accessed 1 March 2015. Schultz, G.A. 1978. Nonasellote isopod crustaceans from Anvers Island and other Antarctic locations. In: Pawson, D. L., and Kornicker, L. S. (eds). Biology of the Antarctic Seas 8. Antarctic Research Series 28: 21-41. Schultz, G.A. 1981. Arcturidae from the Antarctic and Southern Seas (Isopoda, Valvifera) Part I. In: Kornicker, L. S. (ed.). Biology of the Antarctic Seas 10. Antarctic Research Series 32: 63 -94. Springthorpe, R., and Lowry, J. 1994. Catalogue of crustacean type specimens in the Australian Museum: Malacostraca. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum 11: 1-134. Stebbing, T.R.R. 1908. South African Crustacea, Part IV. Annals of the South African Museum 6: 1-96, pis 27-40. Wagele, J.W. 1987. The feeding mechanism of Antarcturus and a redescription of A. spinacoronatus Schultz, 1978 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Valvifera). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 316: 429-458. Wagele, J.W. 1989. Evolution und phylogenetisches System der Isopoda. Stand der Forschung und neue Erkenntnisse. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 140: 12-62. Wagele, J.W. 1991. Antarctic Isopoda Valvifera. Vol. 2. Koeltz Scientific Books: Konigstein. 213 pp. Whitelegge, T. 1904. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H.M.C.S. “Thetis” off the coast of New South Wales in February and March, 1898. Crustacea. Part IV. Isopoda. Part III. Memoirs of the Australian Museum 4: 405-416. zur Strassen, 0.1902. Uber die Gattung Arcturus und die Arcturiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger 25: 682-689. zur Strassen, O. 1903. Zusatz su meinem Artikel liber die Arcturiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger 26: 31. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73:19-26 (2015) Published 2015 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ Five athecate hydroids (hydrozoa: anthoathecata) from south-eastern australia Jeanette E. Watson Honorary Research Associate, Marine Biology, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne 3001, Victoria, Australia, (email: hydroid@bigpond.com) Abstract Watson, J.E. 2015. Five athecate hydroids (hydrozoa: anthoathecata) from south-eastern australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 19-26. Hydractinia gelinea sp. nov. is described and Amphinema dinema recorded for the first time from south-eastern Australia. Three previously known species, Eudendrium pennycuikae, Ectopleura exxonia and Pennaria wilsoni are redescribed in detail. Keywords Athecate hydroids, south-eastern Australia, new species, new record, redescription of species. Introduction This report describes a collection of five hydroid species from south-eastern Australia. A new species, Hydractinia gelinea is described. There is a new but somewhat doubtful record of Amphinema dinema. The range of Eudendrium pennycuikae is extended from subtropical Queensland to cool temperate southern Australia. Pennaria wilsoni and Ectopleura exxonia are redescribed in detail, the latter being recorded for the first time from New Zealand. Type and voucher material is lodged in Museum Victoria (NMV). Hydractiniidae L. Agassiz, 1862 Hydractinia van Beneden, 1841 Hydroid colony either stolonal with a reticular hydrorhiza of perisarc-covered stolonal tubes or covered by encrusting mat; hydrorhizal mat may secrete chitinous or calcareous skeleton or spines, pillars or branches. Polyps sessile, polymorphic, naked, gastrozooids with one or more whorls of oral filiform tentacles or with scattered tentacles on the distal half of body, dactylozooids when present with or without tentacles. Reproduction by sessile sporosacs or free medusa, gonophores typically borne on gonozooids; gonozooids with one or more whorls of oral tentacles or without tentacles and mouth, giving rise to fixed sporosacs, eumedusoids or free medusa. Hydractinia gelinea sp. nov. Figure 1A-D Material examined. NMV F202870, holotype, female colony. Crawfish Rock, Western Port, Victoria, coll: J. Watson, 24/04/2006, depth 10 m; material fixed in 5% formalin, later transferred to 70% ethanol. Description. Colony comprising individuals and clusters of female polyps on a dead crustose bryozoan; no gastrozooids or dactylozooids present. Hydrorhiza ramified, firmly adherent to substrate, stolons narrow, tubular, perisarc thin and smooth. Gonozooids sessile, robust, with a whorl of 8-12 thick tentacles surrounding a prominent dome-shaped hypostome; tentacles with prominent whorls of nematocysts. Hypostome high dome-shaped. Gonophores fixed sporosacs borne in tight clusters of up to 15 on gonozooid well below tentacles. Immature female gonophore pyriform, containing many small ova, mature gonophore balloon-shaped to spherical, seated on a cushion-shaped pad on a short peduncle and enclosed in a thick gelatinous pellicle, surface of gonophore with abundant large scattered nematocysts. Nematocysts, probably euryteles of two sizes; none discharged: (i) capsule bun-shaped, 18-21 x 9-10 pm, on gonophores and body of gonozooid, (ii) capsule ovoid, 9-12 x 6-7 pm, on gonozooid tentacles. Colour (recently preserved material): stolons yellow, gonozooids and gonophores flesh pink. Table 1. Measurements (pm) of Hydractinia gelinea (preserved material) Hydrorhiza, width 48-72 Hydranth maximum length, base to tip of tentacles 1400 width of body 280-320 Sporosac, mature, maximum width 250-400 20 J.E. Watson Figure 1A-D. Hydractinia gelinea sp. nov. Holotype (NMV F202870). A, hydranth with developing gonophores; B, mature gonophore with scattered nematocysts; C, undischarged heteroneme from hydranth body and gonophores; D, undischarged heteroneme from tentacles. Drawn from preserved material. Scale bar: A, 0.5 mm; B, 0.2 mm; C, D, 10 pm. Remarks. The colony is clustered in the pores of a dead bryozoan Celleporaria sp., some polyps encroaching onto a small sponge growing on the bryozoan. No encrusting hydrorhizal mat or dactylozoids were found. The thick ectoderm enclosing the gonophore obscures the position of the spadix, masking its structural details. The immature female gonophore contains numerous small ova c. 40 pm in diameter. There about 130 nominal species of Hydractiniidae, mostly recorded from the northern hemisphere, although many are inadequately described (Miglietta et al. 2009). The only presently known Hydractinia from south-eastern Australia is H. betkensis (Watson 1978). Choice of substrate is important in the Hydractiniidae, encrusting colonies often being associated with mobile substrata while reticulate colonies (such as H. gelinea ) are usually associated with immobile substrata (Miglietta and Cunningham 2012). Other known associations are with pebbles, barnacles, sponges and other hydroids (Schuchert 2008) but there are no records of association with bryozoans. As the nematocysts were not discharged their exact identity could not be determined, but they are probably euryteles; no desmonemes were seen. Euryteles and desmonemes are known to comprise the cnidome of Hydractinia and these were recorded in Hydractinia novaezelandiae (Schuchert, 1996) and Hydractinia rubricata (Schuchert, 1996) from New Zealand. Etymology, named for the cushion-like gelatinous pellicle supporting the sporosac. Family Pandeidae Haeckel, 1879 Amphinema Haeckel, 1879 Diagnosis. Colonies stolonal, hydrorhizacreeping, hydrocaulus well developed, unbranched, covered by perisarc, longer than extended hydranth; hydranths spindle-shaped with one whorl of amphicoronate filiform oral tentacles, with conical hypostome. Gonophores arising either on stolon or caulus or both, releasing free medusae. Medusa generally with a large apical projection, with two opposite tentacles, without gastric peduncle, with marginal warts, manubrium with broad base and four simple lips, gonads on manubrium in adradial or interradial position, ocelli and marginal cirri may be present. Amphinema dinema (Peron and Lesueur, 1810) Figure 2A-G Oceania dinema Peron and Lesueur, 1810: 346. Perigonimus serpens Allman, 1863: 10. Stomotoca dinema. - Mayer, 1910: 109, pi. 9, figs 8-10, pi. 10, figs 1-4. Amphinema dinema. - Rees and Russell, 1937: 62, figs 1-4.- Russell, 1953: 180, pi. 10, figs 1, 2, 4, pi. 11, figs 1, 3, text-fig. 89.- Kramp, 1959: 117, fig. 109.- Kramp, 1961: 93.- Kramp, 1968: 42, fig. 108.- Goy et al. 1991: 109, fig. 24.- Schuchert, 1996: 63, fig. 36. Material examined. NMV F202871, Clifton Springs jetty ruins. Port Phillip, fertile colony on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, depth 0.2 m, coll: J. Watson, 10/12/2008. Material fixed in 5% formalin later preserved in 70% ethanol. Description (from live material). Colony stolonal, hydrorhiza reptant on substrate, stolons tubular, faintly rugose to smooth, perisarc relatively thick. Hydrothecal pedicels scattered along hydrorhiza, hydrocaulus erect, cylindrical, unbranched, of same diameter at base as hydrorhiza, diameter increasing distally, perisarc thin with several obscure corrugations above base, continuing upwards for variable distance, corrugations gradually becoming indistinct then fading out. Hydranth long spindle-shaped, extending well above hydrotheca, hypostome high-domed, quadrate when viewed from above, with 8-10 long tentacles in a single indefinite whorl held out stiffly below hypostome. Medusa buds globular, arising on short, corrugated pedicels along hydrorhiza. Prior to release one tentacle emerges, followed by a second tentacle one to two hours later. At release, medusa deep bell-shaped to hemispherical with two opposite tentacles on large tapering bulbs, Five athecate hydroids (hydrozoa: anthoathecata) from south-eastern australia 21 Figure 2A-G. Amphinema dinema. A, hydrocaulus with extended hydranth and gonophores on hydrorhiza. B, contracted hydranth, C, corrugated hydrocaulus. D, nearly mature gonophore. E, newly released medusa, F, eurytele from tentacles, G, desmoneme from hypostome. Scale bar: A, B, E, 0.5 mm, C, 0.3 m, D, 0.2 mm, F, G, 10 pm. manubrium cylindrical in lateral view, quadrate in dorsal, umbrella without apical projection, small nematocysts sparsely scattered over bell, velum a broad shelf, radial canals thin, a small wart at base of each canal. After four days in the laboratory, medusa remained of same shape and size as at release; no apical projection, manubrium with four indistinct lips, a small marginal wart between radial canals. After five days, manubrium extending almost halfway down bell. Cnidome comprising two categories of nematocysts: (i) microbasic euryteles, capsule narrowly elongate, 7-10 x 2.5-3.5 pm (discharged), shaft thin, 7-10 pm, thread very long; abundant in tentacles of hydranth and medusa and scattered over bell of medusa; easily discharged. (ii) desmonemes, almond shaped, 4-6 x 2.5-3.5 pm (undischarged) on hydranth. Hydrorhiza pale brown, hydrocaulus, body of hydranth and tentacles translucent white, stomach region below tentacles orange. Umbrella of medusa and radial canals colourless, tentacle bulbs and manubrium orange-brown; colour fading after five days. Table 2. Measurements (pm) of Amphinema dinema (live material) Hydrorhiza width 44-80 Hydrotheca width at base 44-72 length 250-400 Hydranth length, fully extended 500-1200 length of extended tentacle 300-500 Medusa length of bud 30-35 height, 4 days old 70 Remarks. The hydrothecae vary considerably in length within and amongst the colonies, shorter hydrothecae having a slightly thicker and more visible perisarc while longer ones usually have a thinner, sometimes almost invisible perisarc. The perisarc is often lightly coated with fine sediment. The hydranth is very active, bending from side to side when disturbed; one was observed capturing and ingesting a small amphipod. When the hydranth is extended the tentacles are scattered over the distal body region but when contracted they appear as an indefinite whorl. The tentacles of the medusa are remarkably long, about 20 times the length of the bell. The medusa is very active, swimming with rapid jerking movements. Medusae of Amphinema dinema were originally reported from the English Channel and later from the plankton of north-eastern Australia (Kramp 1968). It was found in New Zealand (Schuchert 1996) so it was only a matter of time before also being recorded from southern Australia. The present material agrees in most respects with Schuchert’s (1996) description of the hydroid and early medusa stages of the New Zealand species but differs in: i) the manubrium of the newly released medusa is only one third the height of the bell, ii) the manubrium is yellow, not red as in the New Zealand material, iii) there was no indication of development of an apical projection in medusae up to five days old. While the apical projection is considered an important diagnostic character, in the present case it may have been due to retardation of growth in the laboratory. Despite these differences and until further material is available for study I refer the species to Amphinema dinema. Distribution. North-eastern Australia, India, Mediterranean Sea, north-western Europe, east coast of North America, New Zealand. This is the first record of Amphinema dinema from southern Australia. 22 J.E. Watson Family Eudendriidae L. Agassiz, 1862 Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 Diagnosis. Colony with erect, usually branched stems arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Hydrocaulus enclosed in a firm perisarc extending to hydranth base; hydranth large with a pedunculated hypostome and one whorl of filiform tentacles; gonophores fixed sporosacs borne on hydranth body below tentacles, male gonophores usually with several chambers, female with a single egg. Eudendrium pennycuikae Watson, 1985 Figure 3A-F Eudendrium album Pennycuik, 1959: 167. Eudendrium pennycuikae Watson, 1985: 183, figs 5-8. Material examined. NMV F202872, jetty pontoon at Clifton Springs, Port Phillip, on ascidian Molgula ficus, depth 0.3 m, coll: J.Watson, 18/12/2013. Material examined alive, fixed in 4% formalin then transferred to 70% ethanol. Description (from live material). Hydrorhizal stolons loosely reptant on ascidian. Hydrocaulus monosiphonic, of same diameter as stolon, to 16 mm high, sparsely and irregularly branched without definable main stem. Lowest branch with up to 15 wide annulations, upper branches with up to 10 proximal annulations at branch junction, younger branches smooth, older branches obscurely annulated or wrinkled but always smooth distally below hydranth. Hydranth large, erect, terminal on branch, body constricted at base then becoming almost cylindrical, hypostome distinctly pedunculate, surrounded by 16-20 long tapering semi- amphicoronate tentacles. No nematocyst rings or pads. Developing female gonophore encircled by a moderately thick unbranched spadix, gonophores at various stages of maturity scattered singly or in clusters of two to five on blastostyle. Spadix lost at maturity, hydranth tentacles shortening and becoming resorbed, mature gonophores with approximately 20 ova attached to blastostyle on short peduncles. Male gonophores comprising two to four (usually three) linear bead-like chambers in clusters of up to 12 on a blastostyle without hydranth, distal chamber flat bun-shaped with scattered nematocysts; no apical nematocyst pad. Cnidome comprising microbasic euryteles of one size, capsule elongate elliptical, 11-12 x 5-5.5 pm (undischarged), 8-9 x 4 pm (when discharged), shaft 4-6 pm long with a few spines, thread long; in tentacles and coenosarc. Stolons and older stems pale honey brown, younger stems paler, hydranth body flesh pink, tentacles transparent, male gonophores almost white, spadix pale brown, female gonophores pale yellow. Remarks. This is the first description of Eudendrium pennycuikae from live material, the original description of Pennycuik (1959) and Watson’s later redescription (1985) being from preserved material held by the Queensland Museum. The present record extends the range of E. Table 3. Measurements {pm) of Eudendrium pennycuikae (live material) Hydrorhiza, stolon and branch width 100-150 Hydranth width across extended tentacles 1000-1800 length of tentacles 400-500 length of body including hypostome 420-.680 hypostome height -100 maximum diameter of body 150-300 Gonophore mature female, diameter 200- 260 mature male, length of linear cluster 500-600 mature male diameter distal chamber 200-.230 Figure 3A-G. Eudendrium pennycuikae. A, branch with hydranths; B, hydranth with extended tapering tentacles; C, developing female gonophores; D, mature female gonophores; E, cluster of male gonophores; F, eurytele from tentacles. Drawn from preserved material. Scale bar: A, 2 mm, B, 0.3 mm, C, D, E, 0.5 mm, F, 10 pm. pennycuikae from subtropical Queensland to cool temperate southern Australia. The large elegant pink hydranths with a whorl of long sub- amphicoronate tentacles is a conspicuous character in live material, differing markedly from the small hydranths with a whorl of blunt tentacles typical of southern species of Eudendrium. The capsule of the eurytele was found to shrink 15-20% during discharge; while capsules usually shrink about 10% at discharge (author’s obsv.) such a large reduction in size is unusual. Five athecate hydroids (hydrozoa: anthoathecata) from south-eastern australia 23 Family Tubulariidae Fleming, 1828 Ectopleura L. Agassiz, 1862 Diagnosis. Hydroid solitary or colonial, hydrocaulus simple, with open lumen, without parenchymatic endoderm or longitudinal canals but weakly divided by two rarely up to five internal longitudinal endodermic ridges, perisarc thin, a collar on neck region that does not cover whole neck; hydranth vasiform with one whorl of filiform oral tentacles and a whorl of long, filiform aboral tentacles; gonophores borne above aboral tentacles producing either free medusae, eumedusoids or fixed sporosacs. Ectopleura exxonia (Watson, 1978) Figure 4A-H Ectopleura exxonia Watson, 1978: 303, figs 1A, B. Material examined. NMV F202873, Crib Point petroleum wharf. Western Port, Victoria, coll: J. Watson, 23/04/2006, depth 2 m; abundant fertile colonies on mussel {Mytilus galloprovincialis ) shells. Hardened in 4% formalin later transferred to 70% ethanol. NMV F203425, from ropes at salmon farm, depth 5 m, Tory Channel, Marlborough Sounds, South Island, New Zealand, coll: J. Atalah, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. Description (from preserved material, Western Port). Colonies growing thickly on mussel shells, hydrorhiza of matted closely ramified stolons. Stems crowded, to 80 mm long, unbranched but often entangled, several basal annulations on hydrocaulus and groups at intervals along stem, some stems completely annulated; perisarc smooth, firm. Hydrocaulus circular in section, with two internal longitudinal canals, one central inside the other. Distal end of hydrocaulus a shoulder surmounted by a short cylindrical section with thinner perisarc, a narrow circular indentation below hydranth, base of hydranth saucer-shaped. Hydranth with a single whorl of 12-15 short, thick oral tentacles surrounding a large hypostome and one whorl of 16-18 long, slender aboral tentacles. Gonophores fixed sporosacs in various stages of development borne in tight clusters on short unbranched blastostyles at base of aboral tentacles. Gonophore spherical at maturity with a bun-shaped distal cap with emerging larval tentacles. Cnidome comprising nematocysts in two categories: (i) stenoteles, capsule spherical, diameter 11-13 pm, shaft wide; on hypostome and oral tentacles, a few on aboral tentacles; some discharged. (ii) stenoteles, capsule spherical, diameter 5-7 pm, shaft wide; abundant on aboral tentacles, some on oral tentacles; a few discharged. (iii) heteronemes, capsule 10-11 x 5-7 pm, abundant in tentacles and cauline coenosarc; undischarged. Hydranths and gonophores rose pink, stems shining white, tentacles white. Remarks. The holotype (NMV G2801) of Ectopleura exxonia (Watson, 1978) was a small sample collected from an oil production platform at a depth of 75 m in Bass Strait. The present abundant material permits additional description. Table 4. Measurements (pm) of Ectopleura exxonia (preserved material) Hydrorhizal stolon, diameter 260 Stem, diameter 220-540 Hydranth diameter at base 280-450 length of oral tentacles 360-400 length of aboral tentacles 1900-2000 Gonophore, diameter 320-400 Figure 4A-I. Ectopleura exxonia. A, proximal stem and hydrorhiza; B. hydranth with immature gonophores (after Watson, 1978); C, cluster of developing gonophores; D, developing gonophore at base of aboral tentacle; E, F, apical process on nearly mature gonophore; G, stenotele from aboral tentacle; H, stenotele from oral tentacle; I, heteroneme from tentacles. Scale bar: A, B, 1 mm, C, 0.2 mm, D, 0.3 mm, G-I, 10 pm. The hydrocaulus of E. exxonia was originally described as having four longitudinal internal canals. Examination of the present material shows however, there are only two canals - an outer perisarc-covered caulus and a single internal cylindrical canal passing up the centre of the stem. The somewhat smaller size of the hydranths and gonophores of the Crib Point material than in the holotype may be due to the Crib Point colonies being less than eight weeks old, dating from the time of deployment of clean mussel substrate to the time of retrieval. Water temperature at deployment was 20°C declining over the immersion period to 15°C. 24 J.E. Watson Schuchert (1996) predicted that E. exxonia would occur in New Zealand. Recent sampling at a salmon farm at a depth of 5 m in Tory Channel, Marlborough Sounds, South Island, New Zealand has confirmed his prediction, revealing well established colonies of E. exxonia growing on farm nets. Family Pennariidae McCrady, 1859 Diagnosis. (modified after Calder 2010). Capitate hydroids with erect colonies; stems monosiphonic, branches giving rise to hydranth pedicels, perisarc firm. Hydranth naked, spindle- shaped, with an aboral whorl of long filiform tentacles semicapitate distally, an oral whorl of short, capitate tentacles. Eumedusa without manubrium, with four radial canals and four rudimentary tentacles bulbs, velum not penetrated. Pennaria wilsoni (Bale, 1913) Figures 5, 6A-J Pennaria wilsoni Bale, 1913: 116.- Blackburn, 1937: 176, figs 8, 9.- Hirohito, 1988: 30, fig. 9e. Halocordyle australis Bale, 1894: 94.- Pennycuik, 1959: 160, pi. 1, fig. 8.- Watson 1982: 88, fig. 4.6 g, h, pi. 10.2. (l)Pennaria wilsoni Gibbons and Ryland, 1989: 388, fig. 6.- Kirkendale and Calder, 2003: 166.- Bouillon et al. 2006: 247- Calder, 2010: 65. Material examined. NMV F202880, Popes Eye reef, southern Port Phillip, on rubble, depth 8 m, coll: J. Watson, 26/08/2013. Material examined alive, later fixed in 4% formalin, then transferred to 70% ethanol. Description (from live material). Mature colonies comprising one to many branched stems to 20 cm long arising from a ramified hydrorhiza, stolons tubular, almost smooth in young colonies to rugose and gnarled in older colonies. Stems erect, monosiphonic, flexuous, cylindrical, perisarc smooth and shining, straight to weakly sympodial, a slight change of direction at origin of each primary branch; branches widely separated along stem in indefinite whorls of three, directed upwards at 30-40° to stem. Stem widest at base, narrowing slightly distally, ringed above base with up to 50 deep annulations and with up to 20 deep annulations above origin of older branches; sometimes groups of annulations along stem not associated with branching. Hydranth pedicels variable in length (depending on age of colony), widely separated, given off more or less triserially, up to 15 on weakly annulated pedicels, sometimes with a smooth mid-section, branch always with a terminal hydranth. Hydranth long, cylindrical to spindle-shaped, hypostome flattened dome-shaped. Four to five, rarely six short capitate oral tentacles clustered around hypostome, tentacles transversely segmented, each segment with a small central reddish spot, capitala with batteries of nematocysts. Aboral tentacles long, slender, semicapitate, in one whorl of 7-8, arched in life, a thick fringe of nematocysts along the outer side of tentacle, inner side transversely segmented with large transparent cells with reddish inclusions. Table 5. Measurements (fim) of Pennaria wilsoni (live material) Hydrorhiza, diameter 200-400 Stem width at base 200-500 distance between primary branches 375-570 width primary branch 200-500 Pedicel distance between pedicels 1000-3500 length 200-300 width 70-120 Hydranth body length extended 500-700 length of extended aboral tentacle 2000-3000 length oral (capitate) tentacle 250-350 Eumedusa at release length 1050 width at base of bell 1000 Gonophore eumedusoid, ovoid to oblong, one to four in various stages of development on short peduncles just above aboral tentacles. At release umbrella thick, evenly covered in nematocysts, radial canals straight, gonads large, brown, tentacles reduced to knobs, velum closed, female with large ova. Medusa pulsates feebly before and after release. Perisarc of stem and branches thick, shining brown, hydranth pedicels paler brown; hydranth and tentacles translucent white, stomach brown to red. Medusa colourless, manubrium red, radial canals reddish before release, becoming brown after release. Cnidome comprising four categories of nematocysts; stenoteles present in a wide range of shapes, sizes and abundances, even between hydranths on the same stem. (i) stenoteles, capsule large, elongate ovoid, 51-56 x 27-31 pm, shaft 50 pm long, cylindrical, head 15 pm long with 2-4 long basal spines, distal part of head with many small bristles, spinous thread at least 30 pm long, in capitate tentacles and at base of medusa; easily discharged. (ii) stenoteles, similar to but smaller than stenotele (i), capsule elongate ovoid 44-45 x 20-22 pm, shaft cylindrical, 40 pm long, base of head with 2-4 long spines, head distally with bristles, thread with many small spines; in capitate tentacles, easily discharged. (iii) stenoteles, capsule ovoid, 19-20 x 14 pm, shaft stout, 19 pm long, head with several spines; in oral tentacles; easily discharged. (iv) stenoteles, capsule ovoid, 11-13 x 8-10 pm, shaft 10 pm long, abundant in aboral tentacles; difficult to discharge. (v) stenoteles, capsule inflated ovoid, 25 x 23 pm, in aboral tentacles; undischarged. Five athecate hydroids (hydrozoa: anthoathecata) from south-eastern australia 25 Figure 5. Pennaria wilsoni. In situ photograph of colony. Port Phillip Heads, depth 10 m, showing bushy growth habit (photograph by author). Scale bar: 5 cm. (vi) isorhizas, capsule loaf-shaped 15 x 5-7 pm, thread long, abundant in aboral tentacles; difficult to discharge. (vii) microbasic mastigophores, capsule elongate pyriform, 15-19 x 6 p m, shaft 12 pm, spinous, thread coiled in a circle at base of capsule, abundant in aboral tentacles and on medusa; difficult to discharge. (viii) desmonemes, capsule almond shaped, 7 x 4.5-5 pn i, rare in aboral tentacles and around hypostome; undischarged. Remarks. Pennaria is a genus with five accepted species (Bouillon et al. 2006, Schuchert 2006). Pennaria disticha is the best known of the group with cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and temperate seas; it is present around Australia except in cooler Victorian waters (author’s pers. obsv). P. disticha. Bale (1894) described Halocordyle australis from Capel Sound, Port Phillip. The hand written label on the presumed holotype microslide (NMV F58747) is not Bale’s and may be that of the collector, John Bracebridge Wilson. Ralph (1966) reported Pennaria disticha from a benthic material from southern Port Phillip collected by the National Museum of Victoria Port Phillip (1957). Examination of this material (NMV F150168, F150169) shows it to be Pennaria wilsoni, not Pennaria disticha. The flexuous spirally branching habit of P. wilsoni easily distinguishes it from the pinnate stems of P. disticha. Bale (1913) renamed the species Pennaria wilsoni and Blackburn (1937) described and figured the gonophores of material from Western Port, Victoria. Gibbons and Ryland (1989) reported fertile material as Pennaria wilsoni from Suva Barrier Reef, Fiji and Kirkendale Figure 6A-J. Pennaria wilsoni. A, branch with extended hydranths; B, basal annulations of branch; C, capitate tentacles surrounding hypostome; D, developing female gonophore; E newly released released eumedusa with scattered nematocysts; F-H, stenoteles from oral and aboral tentacles; I, desmoneme from hypostome; J, microbasic mastigophore from aboral tentacles. Scale bar: A, 5 mm, B, D, E, 0.5, mm, C, 0.25 mm, F-J, 20 pm. and Calder (2003) also referred infertile tropical material from Guam to P. wilsoni. Gibbons and Ryland’s microslide mount (GL 10177) loaned by the Queensland Museum contains several mature balloon-shaped gonophores approximately 1.5 mm long and 1.2 mm wide, but the contents are too degraded for description. I have examined four preserved samples of infertile material from the Pennycuik collection (QM 5513- 5516 inclusive) loaned by the Queensland Museum. The material was collected from under coral reef shelves, 21-24 th August, 1954, at a depth of 2 m at the Low Isles on the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. The Fiji and Great Barrier Reef material are clearly the same species. The only sure means of determining whether there are two or one geographically wide-ranging species is based on morphology of the cnidome. For comparison with P. wilsoni a small crushed hydranth of QM 5515 was examined under high magnification. The scarcely distinguishable nematocysts in the capitate tentacles comprised some undischarged ?stenoteles of three sizes: i) 28-36 x 20-24 pm, ii) 25 x 17 pm and iii) 11-12 x 8-9 pm. While allowing for approximately 10% shrinkage in preservation, the largest capsules are much 26 J.E. Watson smaller than those of fresh P.wilsoni. Therefore, until the cnidome and gonophores of fresh tropical material are available for examination it the tropical material is best regarded as a different species. The extensive and highly variable cnidome with nematocysts of four categories is similar to that described for Pennaria disticha (see Schuchert 1996), but in P. wilsoni the largest stenoteles are bigger than those of P. disticha. In P. wilsoni the relative abundance of the larger sizes of stenoteles varies between hydranths, sometimes from the same stem. The smaller stenoteles, microbasic mastigophores and isorhizas are present in all hydranths while desmonemes are sometimes rare. Uneven distribution of the large stenoteles may be related to maturity of the hydranth, the larger ones usually occurring on the older hydranths. Pennaria wilsoni is known from several Victorian localities and is likely to be more widespread than is presently known. Colonies are most luxuriant in strong current flow on open reef at 6-10 m depth while in less rigorous environments they usually comprise only a few stems. Colonies persist throughout the year with major growth during winter months at water temperatures of 10-14°C, becoming moribund over summer. Mature colonies are host to many epizooites including other small hydroids, anemones and ascidians; as the water temperature increases in late winter they are often overgrown by small filamentous red algae. Hydranths and gonophores are heavily preyed upon by the pycnogonid Tanystylum and several species of the nudibranch Trinchesia. Acknowledgements. My thanks to David Staples for his expertise on associations between pycnogonids and hydroids, to Robert Burn for advice on nudibranchs and to Javier Atalah of the Cawthron Institute, New Zealand for provision of samples. Thanks also to reviewers for their comments which greatly improved the manuscript. References Agassiz, L. 1862. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Volume 4, Little, Brown and Co., Boston. 380 pp. Allman, G. J. 1863. Notes on the Hydroida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 11(3): 1-12. Bale, W.M. 1894. Further notes on Australian hydroids, with descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, new series 6: 93-117. Blackburn, M. 1937. Notes on Australian Hydrozoa, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 50: 170-181. Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J-M., and Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle 194: 1-591. Calder, D.R. 2010. Some anthoathecate hydroids and limnopolyps (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Hawaiian archipelago. Zootaxa 2590: 1-91. Ehrenberg, C.G. 1834. Beitrage zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen und besonders des Rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. Physicalische Matematische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin : 225-380. Gibbons, M.J., and Ryland, J.S. 1989. Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. Athecata to Sertulariidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 27(2): 377-432. Goy, J., Lakkis, S., and Zeidane, R. 1991. Les meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. Annales de VInstitut Oceanographique Paris 67: 90-128. Haeckel, E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. 2 vols. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, (reprinted 1986, VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena). Hirohito, Showa Emperor of Japan, 1988. The hydroids of Sagami Bay (Part 1. Athecata). Publications of the Biological Laboratory of the Imperial Household, Tokyo 1-79. Kirkendale, L., and Calder, D.R. 2003. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands (CNMI). Micronesia 35-36: 159-188. Kramp, PL. 1959. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Reports 46: 1-283. Kramp, PL. 1961. Synopsis of the medusa of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40: 1-469. Kramp, PL. 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans sections II and III. Dana Reports 72: 1-200. Miglietta P.M., and Cunningham C.W. 2012. Evolution, life cycle, colony morphology, and host specificity in the family hydractiniidae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Evolution 66-12: 3876- 3901. Miglietta PM., Schuchert, P, and Cunningham C.W. 2009. Reconciling geneaological and morphological species in a worldwide study of the family hydractiniidae (cnidaria, hydrozoa). Zoologica Scripta 38: 403-430. Pennycuik, P.R. 1959. Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. Marine and brackish water hydroids. Papers of the Department of Zoology, University of Queensland 1: 141-210. Peron F., and Lesueur, C.A. 1810. Histoire general et particuliere de tous les animaux qui component le famille des meduses; tableaux des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de meduses connues jusqu’a ce jour. Annales du Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris XIV. 312-366. Rees, W.J., and Russell, F.S. 1937. On rearing the hydroids of certain medusae, with an account of the methods used. Journal of the Maritie Biological Association of the United Kingdom 22: 61-81. Russell, F.S. 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 530 pp. Schuchert, P. 1996. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 106: 1-159. Schuchert, P. 2006. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Review suisse de Zoologie 113: 325-410. Schuchert, P. 2008. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Review suisse de Zoologie 115: 221-302. Watson, J.E. 1978. New species and new records of Australian athecate hydroids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 90: 301-414. Watson, J.E. 1982. Hydroids (Class Hydrozoa). Pp. 79-115 in: Shepherd S.A., and Thomas, I.M. (eds). Marine Invertebrates of Southern Australia. Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia. Handbooks Committee, South Australian Government, Adelaide. Watson, J.E. 1985. The genus Eudendrium (Hydrozoa: Hydroida) from Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 97(4): 179-221. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73:27-40 (2015) Published 2015 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) P. MARK O’LOUGHLIN 1 * (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:97B95F20-36CE-4A76-9DlB-26A59FBCCE88) AND GUADALUPE BrIBIESCA-Contreras 1,2 (http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B72D73C9-FlE5-47D5-A4Fl-28BFA0AAlE57) 1 Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia 2 School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (lbribiesca@museum.vic.gov.au) * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pmoloughlin@edmundrice.org (http://zoobank.Org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E40F4237-lD55-4CE3-87Fl-EA0B28597D44) Abstract O’Loughlin, P.M. and Bribiesca-Contreras, G. 2015. New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 27-40. The Woodside/Western Australian Museum Kimberley Project 2008-2015 collected four small asterinid seastar specimens from Cassini Island and Long Reef in the Kimberley region of north Western Australia. The specimens are lodged in the Western Australian Museum. They represent two new species of Aquilonastra O’Loughlin: Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov.; Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. An updated key is provided for species assigned to Aquilonastra, and a table distinguishing Aquilonastra species from the Kimberley region. Keywords Kimberley; Woodside/Western Australian Museum Kimberley Project 2008-2015; Aquilonastra-, new species; fissiparous. Introduction The goal of the Woodside/Western Australian Museum Kimberley Project is to generate a comprehensive understanding of the marine biodiversity of the Kimberley region of north Western Australia. Sampey et al. (2014) published on the history, aims, scope and methodology of this project. The WA Museum and Woodside Energy Ltd. undertook a partnership in 2008 for a six-year program to document selected marine biota of the Kimberley region. A recent publication on the echinoderms by Sampey & Marsh (2015) provides information on the historical echinoderm collections from the region. O’Loughlin & Waters (2004) revised all of the genera of family Asterindae. Four new genera were created, and all genera diagnosed. A key to the genera was provided. New morphological characters were defined and illustrated. Amongst the new genera was Aquilonastra O’Loughlin (in O’Loughlin & Waters 2004). A table of all asterinid species was provided, with original and current combinations. O’Loughlin & Waters concluded that Asterinidae is a cosmopolitan family, mainly of shallow-water narrow-distribution-range genera but including some more widespread genera in deeper waters of all oceans. O’Loughlin & Rowe (2005) described an additional asterinid genus, Ailsastra, from the Indo-West Pacific region. Six species were assigned to Ailsastra, five of them new. O’Loughlin & Rowe (2006) revised the genus Aquilonastra. A key to the then 25 species assigned to Aquilonastra, and map of type localities, were provided. Subsequently two additional species of Aquilonastra were described: Aquilonastra shirleyae O’Loughlin, 2009 (100 m. Point Cloates, Western Australia); Aquilonastra chantalae O’Loughlin & Mackenzie, 2013 (shallows, Europa Island, Mozambique Channel). In this paper we are referring four small seastar specimens from the Woodside Kimberley Survey 2010 to two additional new species of Aquilonastra. We update the key here to include A. shirleyae, A. chantalae, and the two new species described below. Methods The small seastar specimens were collected incidentally during an intensive search for crustacean and polychaete specimens. They were preserved immediately and directly in 90+% ethanol. No notes of live colour or photos were taken. For photography purposes the preserved specimens were allowed to partly air- dry. Photographs were taken using a Cannon 5D Mark II camera with a Cannon 65 mm macro lense. Series of photographs were taken and stacked using the Zerene Stacker software. After assembling the whole specimen montage photographs, a ray from each of three specimens was cut off for the purpose of observing external and internal skeletal structure. The distal end of each of these three cut-off arms was cleared briefly in bleach and then washed in water. Photographs were taken to show internal skeletal structures. 28 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Definitions and illustrations of terms For definitions and illustrations of terms used, such as superactinal plates, superambulacral plates and splay-pointed spinelets, see O’Loughlin & Waters (2004). Abbreviations NMV Museum Victoria, with specimen registration number prefix F. WAM Western Australian Museum, with registration number prefix Z. Key (see Remarks ) to the species assigned to Aquilonastra O’Loughlin (in O’Loughlin & Waters 2004) (revised from the key in O’Loughlin & Rowe 2006). 1. Typically 5 equal or subequal rays, sometimes 6 or 4; form symmetrical or near symmetrical; single conspicuous madreporite, rarely 2, very rarely 3; not fissiparous .2 — Typically 5 or more rays, up to 9, in unequal size groups; form asymmetrical; always more than 1 inconspicuous madreporite; fissiparous.20 2. Gonopores actinal (clearly evident).3 — Gonopores abactinal (sometimes obscured).5 3. One ray may be distinctly shorter; abactinal plates paxilliform; spinelets in dense, frequently crescentiform, clusters; spinelets pencil-like. . A. scobinata (Livingstone, 1933) (SE Australia) — Rays subequal; abactinal plates not paxilliform; spinelets not in dense clusters; spinelets not pencil-like.4 4. Abactinal plates with low rounded elevations; spinelets subpaxilliform; maximum R = 9 mm. . A. minor (Hayashi, 1974) (Japan) — Abactinal plates lacking rounded elevations; spinelets not subpaxilliform; maximum R = 15 mm. A. byrneae O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (NE Australia, Mariana Is.) 5. Abactinal spinelets in uniform dense round paxilliform clusters. A. rosea (H. L. Clark, 1938) (SW Australia) — Abactinal spinelets not in uniform dense paxilliform clusters.6 6. Abactinal pedicellariae with conspicuous toothed valves present, larger than spinelets; each oral plate with up to 10 spines.7 — If abactinal pedicellariae present, valves not larger than spinelets; each oral plate with less than 10 spines.8 7. Up to R = 23 mm; shallow concave interradial margin, rays not discrete; disc clearly defined by 5 wide interradial plates and 5 small interradial plates; spinelets long, thin, pencil-like; actinal interradial spines up to 4 per plate. .A. rowleyi O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (SE Africa) — Up to R = 13 mm; form stellate, rays discrete; disc not clearly defined; spinelets columnar or conical centrally, splay-pointed distally; actinal interradial spines up to 10 per plate.A. shirleyae O’Loughlin, 2009 (WA, Point Cloates, 100 m) 8. Abactinal spinelets on rays typically differentiated on plates into apical and marginal forms; some irregularly distributed paxilliform plates.9 — Abactinal spinelets may be of variable form, but not typically differentiated on plates into apical and marginal forms; lacking any paxilliform abactinal plates.10 9. Abactinal radial plates with apical subglobose spinelets, peripheral short conical to subgranuliform spinelets; lacking pedicellariae; actinal central interradial plates each with about 3 spines. . r . T ... l T .. n ,.. . : . w .]L lorwli (Koehler, 1910) (N Indian Ocean) — Abactinal radial plates with apical digitiform spinelets, peripheral short conical spinelets; pedicellariae frequently present; actinal central interradial plates each with about 5 spines. ... A • coronata (Martens, 1866) (Japan to N Australia) 10. Pedicellariae with differentiated valves in abactinal proximal interradii evident in larger specimens.11 — Lacking pedicellariae.14 11. Abactinal spinelets up to about 12 on each proximal carinal plate (at R = 20 mm). .A. iranica (Mortensen, 1940) (Persian Gulf) — Abactinal spinelets up to about 20 and more on each proximal carinal plate (at R = 17 mm).12 12. Abactinal proximal spinelets up to about 40 per plate; superomarginal plates each with up to about 20 spinelets (at R = 19 mm).A. batheri (Goto, 1914) (Japan) — Abactinal proximal spinelets up to about 20 per plate; superomarginal plates each with up to about 7 spinelets (at R = 19 mm).13 13. Abactinal distal interradial plate spinelets splayed and overlapping adjacent plate spinelets (at R = 20 mm); actinal interradial plates each with up to 5 spines (at R = 20 mm); size up to R = 25 mm.A. richmondi O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (E Africa coast, Madagascar, Mauritius) — Abactinal distal interradial spinelets not overlapping adjacent plate spinelets if splayed; actinal interradial plates each with up to 8 spines (at R = 19 mm); size up to R = 19 mm.A. watersi O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Arabian Sea, Mauritius) 14. Abactinal spinelets sacciform, short, widely globose basally, tapered to sharply pointed apically; predominantly 2 actinal interradial spines on each plate. .A. halseyae O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Maldives) New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 29 — Abactinal spinelets not widely globose basally, not tapered to a sharp point apically; predominantly > 3 actinal interradial spines on each plate.15 15. Abactinal spinelets short, thick, columnar or conical.16 — Abactinal spinelets long, subsacciform to splay-pointed ... .. 17 16. Rays long, subdigitiform; spinelets mostly spread over exposed plate surface; predominantly 6 spines per actinal interradial plate (at R = 16 mm).. A. samyni O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Arabian Sea to SE Africa, Madagascar, La Reunion) — Rays short, strongly tapered; spinelets mostly concentrated over projecting proximal plate edge; predominantly 3 spines per actinal interradial plate (at R = 16 mm). A. marshae O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Red Sea, Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) 17. Rays short; lacking doubly-papulate carinal plates; spinelets not clustered into groups on plates; spinelets frequently splay-pointed.18 — Rays long, discrete; some doubly-papulate carinal plates may be present; spinelets frequently clustered into groups on plates; spinelets not splay-pointed.19 18. Rays 5; up to R = 12 mm; rays merge basally; up to 14 spinelets per abactinal plate. . A. oharai O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Okinawa) — Rays 6; up to R = 6 mm; rays with sub-acute join basally; up to 10 spinelets per abactinal plate. . A. alisonae sp. nov. (north Western Australia) 19. Rays tapered; abactinal plates angled over papulae; spinelets long, thin, sub-sacciform to sacciform, tapering to fine point, rugose, subacicular; spinelets frequently projecting proximally over papulae ,iA. cepheus (Muller & Troschel, 1842) (Indonesia to N Australia) — Rays digitiform; abactinal plates not angled over papulae; spinelets long, thick, conical to subsacciform, with numerous (5-6) points on distal sides and end of spinelets; spinelets not projecting proximally over papulae. . A. limboonkengi (Smith, 1927) (China) 20. Actinal interradial spines predominantly 1 per plate.21 — Actinal interradial spines predominantly > 1 per plate 22 21. Up to R = 10 mm; at R = 4 mm rays 6-8; abactinal spinelets mostly granuliform; actinal interradial spines short, thick, conical to subsacciform, pointed distally A. conandae O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Indian Ocean, Mascarene Is.) — Up to R = 4 mm; at R = 4 mm rays 5 (smaller specimens up to 7 rays); abactinal spinelets mostly digitiform; actinal interradial spines predominantly subacciform, spinous distally. A. chantalae O’Loughlin & Mackenzie, 2013 (Mozambique Channel) 22. Spinelets of 2 distinct forms, long thick digitiform apically on upper ray and marginal plates, smaller conical below apex of plates -4 A. corallicola (Marsh, 1977) (NE Indian to central W Pacific Oceans) — Spinelets of one form.23 23. Spinelets elongate, not granuliform or subgranuliform (at R = 5 mm).24 — Spinelets truncate, small, subgranuliform or granuliform (at R = 5 mm).27 24. Up to 8 rays; upper abactinal spinelets conical to prominently splay-pointed sacciform; pedicellariae sometimes present, valves larger than spinelets; size up to R= 12.5 mm. . A. anomala (H. L. Clark, 1921) (central W Pacific) — Up to 7 rays; upper abactinal spinelets not distinctly splay- pointed; lacking pedicellariae; size up to R = 7 mm.Ji' 25 25. Oral spines 3-4 per plate; suboral spines 0-1 per plate; size up to R = 7 mm. . A. cassini sp. nov. (north Western Australia) — Oral spines 5 or 6 per plate; suboral spines 3 per plate; size up to R = 5 mm.26 26. Rays elevated; spinelets thick columnar or conical; actinal interradial spines up to 2 per plate; actinal spines bluntly pointed conical to digitiform. A. colemani O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Papua New Guinea, Indonesia) — Rays not elevated; spinelets thin digitiform or conical with distally long spines; actinal interradial spines up to 5 per plate; actinal spines long, conical, thin, finely tapered .A. doranae O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Okinawa) 27. Size up to R = 18 mm; some central abactinal plates atypically large and irregular. .A. burtonii (Gray, 1840) (Red and Arabian Seas) — Size up to R = 9 mm; central abactinal plates not unusually large and irregular.28 28. Up to 8 rays; up to R = 7 mm; spinelets up to 16 per plate; suboral spines up to 4 per plate.A. yairi O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Red and Mediterranean Seas) — Up to 7 rays; up to R = 9 mm; spinelets up to 10 per plate; suboral spines up to 2 per plate.A. moosleitneri O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006 (Maidive Is.) Remarks. We acknowledge some difficulties with the key, such as splitting the species into fissiparous and not fissiparous. We are aware, for example, that asteroids may be fissiparous when juvenile but not when adult. This is the case with the asteriid Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, 1867 (personal observations). Thus the slight asymmetry in the type specimens of Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. may reflect an earlier juvenile fissiparous stage. Likewise there may be difficulty in detecting the site of gonopores, or whether they are present. We judge that if they are actinal they will be readily seen, whereas abactinally they are often obscured by spinelets and amongst 30 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras papulae and an assumption has to be made about the site of their occurrence. Pedicellariae are sometimes difficult to detect, especially if the valves are undifferentiated abactinal spinelets. Judgments, such as the form of spinelets, are somewhat subjective. And the forms of some morphological characters overlap. We recommend that the key should be used in conjunction with the illustrations of Aquilonastra species in O’Loughlin & Rowe (2006), O’Loughlin (2009) and O’Loughlin & Mackenzie (2013). Table. WAM specimens of seastar species assigned to Aquilonastra from the Kimberley Project Area (see map in Sampey et al. 2014) Taxon Some distinguishing species characters (See O’Loughlin & Rowe 2006) Kimberley Project Area & WAM Registration Aq. alisonae sp. nov. 6 rays; not fissiparous; lacking pedicellariae; splay-pointed spinelets Long Reef: WAM Z26199, WAM Z26200 Aq. anomala (H. L. Clark, 1921) up to 8 rays; fissiparous; pedicellariae present; frequently splay-pointed spinelets Long Reef: WAM Z6843; Ashmore Reef: WAM Z6844; Cartier Island: WAM Z6846; North Scott Reef: WAM Z6847; Mermaid Reef: WAM Z50826, WAM Z50827 Aq. cassini sp. nov. 5-6 rays; fissiparous; lacking pedicellariae; mostly conical spinelets Cassini Island: WAM Z26198, WAM Z26201 Aq. cepheus (Muller & Troschel, 1842) 5 rays, sometimes 6 or 4; not fissiparous; spinelets subacicular, subsacciform King Sound: WAM Z6842; Ashmore Reef: WAM Z6879, WAM Z6880, WAM Z6881, WAM Z68030, WAM Z68038; Scott Reef: WAM Z6882, WAM Z6883, WAM Z6884, WAM Z6885, WAM Z6887; Cartier Island: WAM Z6886 Aq. coronata (von Martens, 1866) 5 rays; not fissiparous; paxilliform abactinal plates; 2 forms of spinelet Mission Bay: WAM Z6890; Admiralty Bay: WAM Z6896; Storr Island: WAM Z6897; One Arm Point: WAM Z6898, WAM Z6899; Naturalist Island: WAM Z6900; Wailgwin Island: WAM Z58338 Asterinidae Gray, 1840 Synonymy. See Clark and Downey, 1992. Diagnosis. See Clark and Downey, 1992. Remarks. For a recent revision of Asterinidae see O’Loughlin & Waters (2004). For the addition of a new genus Ailsastra see O’Loughlin & Rowe (2005). Aquilonastra O’Loughlin, 2004 (in O’Loughlin & Waters, 2004) Aquilonastra O’Loughlin, in O’Loughlin & Waters, 2004: 5 (key), 13-15, tables 1, 2.—O’Loughlin & Rowe, 2005: 181.—Saba & Fujita, 2006: 270,-Byrne, 2006: 244,245,248,250,251.-0’Loughlin & Rowe, 2006: 257-287.-O’Loughlin, 2009: 204, fig. l.-O’Loughlin & Mackenzie, 2013: 177-180, figs 1, 2. Diagnosis (from O’Loughlin & Mackenzie 2013). Rays 5, or 5-8 in fissiparous species; inter-radial margin deeply incurved, form stellate; rays discrete, broad at base, tapering, rounded distally; flat actinally, convex abactinally; abactinal plates in longitudinal series, not perpendicular to margin; papulate areas extensive; papulae predominantly single, large, in longitudinal series along sides of rays; abactinal plates with glassy convexities; abactinal spinelets and actinal spines predominantly fine, glassy, conical or sacciform or splay-pointed sacciform, in bands or tufts, numerous (10-40 per plate); actinal plates in longitudinal, sometimes oblique, series; superambulacral plates present for all of ray, sometimes for part of ray or absent in pedomorphic species; superactinal plates present. Remarks. We have deleted the word “high” in relation to convex from the diagnosis in O’Loughlin & Mackenzie (2013) since “high” lacks clear meaning, and have replaced “not oblique” in relation to actinal plate arrangement with “sometimes oblique” to accord with our observations in this work. Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. Zoobank LSID. http://z 00 bank. 0 rg/urn:lsid:z 00 bank. 0 rg:act: 727C2763-A5B6-463A-B184-94572BD2B4F5 Figures 1-4, key, table. Material examined. Holotype. North Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Woodside Collection Project (Kimberley) 2008-2015, station 56/K10, Long Reef, 13.95704 S -125.71846 E, rock substrate, inter¬ tidal, coll. A. Sampey et al, 24 Oct 2010, WAM Z26200 (one ray abnormal; one ray cut off mid-ray and cleared). Paratype. Woodside Collection Project (Kimberley) 2008-2015, station 47/K10, Long Reef, 13.81995 S -125.74942 E, rock substrate, fore reef, 6 m, coll. S. Woolley, 21 Oct 2010, WAM Z26199 (1). New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 31 Figure 1. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. (WAM Z26200). Abactinal view showing six subequal rays (one abnormal), abactinal plates irregular in form and arrangement, plates on upper rays singly papulate in predominantly four longitudinal series per ray. Single madreporite highlighted. Insert (upper right) with splay-pointed abactinal spinelets from the lower ray and margin. 32 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Figure 2. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. (WAM Z26200). Actinal view showing six rays and spination and actinal plates in slightly irregular longitudinal and oblique series. New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 33 Figure 3. Montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. (WAM Z26200). a, abactinal proximal view of a ray showing irregular plate forms and arrangement and predominantly splay-pointed spinelets; b, abactinal view of a distal cleared ray showing glassy convexities on plates, proximal concave indentation on some plates for a papula, and a secondary plate highlighted; c, actinal view of the oral region and proximal ray; d, view of internal skeletal structure of a cleared ray with a superactinal plate (left) and a superambulacral plate (right) highlighted. 34 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Figure 4. Montage photograph of a paratype of Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. (WAM Z26199). Actinal view showing six rays and spine forms and numbers that are similar to those of the holotype. Two oral plates highlighted, with 6 oral spines each, and four distal suboral spines each (proximal two large and distal two small). New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 35 Description. Asterinid seastar, six rays, variably slightly unequal, rays wide basally, tapered to rounded end distally, up to R = 6.2 mm, r = 3.0 mm, rays merging at bases, inter-radial junction of rays sub-acute, rays low convex abactinally, rays flat actinally, margin acute. Madreporite large, conspicuous, only one detected on holotype, above junction of bases of two rays. Not fissiparous. Disc not discretely demarcated. No abactinal or actinal gonopores detected. Pedicellariae not detected. Glassy convexities on cleared abactinal and actinal plates. Superomarginal and inferomarginal plates subequal; inferomarginal plates not projecting noticeably. Internal superambulacral and superactinal plates present. Abactinal surface: disc plates imbricate irregularly with those of rays; upper ray plates irregular in form, not in regular series, no carinal series of plates; most upper ray plates widely concave proximally to create papular space; single papula per papular space; rare secondary plates; 4 prominent longitudinal series of papulae across rays, short lower series of smaller papulae along rays, up to 11 papulae per series along upper ray, series along upper part of ray irregular; up to about 10 predominantly splay-pointed spinelets per abactinal plate, frequently in 2 transverse series across proximal edge and middle of plate; superomarginal plates with up to 8 splay- pointed spinelets per plate in 2 series of 5 distal and 3 proximal. Actinal surface spines per plate: oral 6, long, thin, slightly cylindrical to spatulate; sub-oral 4-3; furrow 5, digitiform; subambulacral 4, digitiform to splay-pointed; actinal up to 7 on central plates, conical to splay-pointed; inferomarginal up to about 9, predominantly splay-pointed, frequently with 6 abactinal inferomarginal, 3 actinal inferomarginal. Actinal inter-radial plates in slightly irregular longitudinal and oblique series. Distribution. North Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Long Reef, rock substrate, 0-6 m. Etymology. Named for Alison Sampey, formerly of WAM, who initially collected and curated these specimens. Remarks. The slightly irregular length of the six rays and irregular plate arrangement on disc and upper rays prompted us to think initially that this species is fissiparous. But the presence of only one conspicuous madreporite, and only slight ray length differences lead us to judge that the species is not fissiparous, at least for the size of the two type specimens. Aquilonastra alisonae sp. nov. is distinguished diagnostically from other Aquilonastra species in the key. It differs in particular from other species of Aquilonastra from the Kimberley region by having a combination of: six rays; predominantly splay-pointed abactinal spinelets; single madreporite; non-fissiparous habit; absence of pedicellariae. We did not observe gonopores, but they were clearly not present actinally and assume that they would be abactinal if present. Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. Zoobank LSID. http://z 00 bank. 0 rg/urn:lsid:z 00 bank. 0 rg:act: EBFF184D-ADAE-4C5C-AA63-619D69B4AE4A Figures 5-8, key, table. Material examined. Holotype. North Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Woodside Collection Project (Kimberley) 2008-2015, station 37/K10, Cassini I., 13.95156S -125.624123E, rock substrate, 3 m, coll. L. Walker, 18 Oct 2010, WAM Z26198 (one ray cut off proximally and cleared). Paratype. Woodside Collection Project (Kimberley) 2008-2015, station 33/K10 (see database), Cassini Island, 13.92816 S -125.623337 E, lagoon, rock substrate, 1.8 m, coll. A. Sampey et al., 17 Oct 2010, WAM Z26201 (1) (one ray cut off proximally and cleared). Description. Asterinid seastar, asymmetrical, five or 6 sub-equal rays, sub-digitiform, narrow and rounded distally, slightly widened basally, up to R = 7.0 mm, r = 2.5 mm, rays merging at bases, inter-radial junction of rays sub-acute, rays low convex abactinally, rays slightly convex actinally, margin acute. Disc not discretely demarcated. Three small, inconspicuous, abactinal madreporites seen on holotype. Fissiparous. No abactinal or actinal gonopores detected. Pedicellariae not detected. Glassy convexities on cleared abactinal and actinal plates. Inferomarginal plates significantly larger than superomarginal plates; inferomarginal plates project noticeably at margin. Internal superambulacral and superactinal plates present. Abactinal surface: disc plates imbricate irregularly with those of upper rays; upper ray plates proximal to disc irregular; lacking secondary plates; regular carinal series of plates along some upper rays only, up to 11 carinal plates per series, each carinal plate with paired deep lateral notches to create paired single papular spaces; plates on sides of rays with single papular space; single series of papulae adcarinally on rays, up to 15 per series, short lower series of smaller papulae along rays, 4 prominent longitudinal series of papulae across rays; abactinal spinelets predominantly conical; disc with 6-3 spinelets per plate, each carinal plate with cluster of 5-3 spinelets on crown of plate, adcarinal plates with up to 7 spinelets across angled plate, proximal and distal inter-radial abactinal plates with predominantly 4 spinelets, variably 6-3, conical to splay-pointed; superomarginal plates with 5-4 splay-pointed spinelets per plate. Actinal surface spines per plate: oral 4-3, sub-oral 1-0, digitiform, slightly spatulate, with minute distal spinelets; proximal furrow 4-3, subambulacral 3-2; actinal predominantly 4, conical form with pointed distal end; inferomarginal up to about 11, predominantly splay-pointed, frequently with 2 and 6 abactinal inferomarginal groups, 3 conical actinal inferomarginals. Actinal plates in longitudinal and more noticeably oblique series. Distribution. North Western Australia, Kimberley Region, Cassini Island, rock substrate, 1.8-3 m. Etymology. Named cassini (in apposition) for the type locality, Cassini Island, in the Kimberley Region of north Western Australia. Remarks. The subequal ray lengths of the five-rayed holotype prompted us to not think fissiparity for this species. But the presence of three small madreporites on the holotype, and irregular abactinal plate arrangement, lead us to conclude that this species is fissiparous. It differs in particular from other species of Aquilonastra from the Kimberley region by having a combination of: 5-6 rays; predominantly conical abactinal spinelets; up to 3 madreporites; fissiparous habit; absence of pedicellariae. 36 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Figure 5. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. (WAM Z26198). Abactinal view showing five subequal rays; long carinal series on bottom left ray; disc not discretely delineated; three small madreporites highlighted. Insert (upper right) with predominantly conical spinelets from an abactinal lower ray and margin. The fine black spots on the specimen are contaminating grit. New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 37 Figure 6. Montage photograph of the holotype of Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. (WAM Z26198). Actinal view showing the oblique and longitudinal arrangement of the actinal plates, and the actinal spination. 38 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Figure 7. a-c, montage photographs of the holotype of Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. (WAM Z26198). a, abactinal view of a ray showing a long carinal series of plates along the upper ray; b, abactinal view of a distal cleared ray showing the doubly papulate carinal series of plates, absence of secondary plates, and projecting inferomarginal plates; c, actinal view of the oral region and a proximal ray; d, montage photograph of a cleared distal ray of the paratype of Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. (WAM Z26201). d, view of the internal skeletal structure of a ray with a superactinal plate (highlighted left) and probably an incipient minute superambulacral plate (highlighted within). New asterinid seastars from northwest Australia, with a revised key to Aquilonastra species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) 39 Figure 8. Montage photograph of the paratype of Aquilonastra cassini sp. nov. (WAM Z26201). Actinal view with pair of oral plates highlighted and showing three oral and single suboral spines, all spines with minute distal spinelets. 40 P.M. O’Loughlin & G. Bribiesca-Contreras Acknowledgements We are grateful to: Ben Boonen for his skilled assistance with the format of the figures; Jane Fromont (WAM) and Mark Salotti (WAM) for their gracious assistance with loan material and data; David Paul (NMV) for his most helpful assistance with photography; Alison Sampey for her initial collection and curation of the specimens; the staff of the marine invertebrate department of Museum Victoria for the facilitation of resources for this study. The authors thank the Woodside Energy Ltd./WA Museum Partnership for the collection of specimens described in this paper. We are grateful to Melanie Mackenzie (NMV) for a most helpful review of our paper. References Byrne, M. 2006. Life history diversity and evolution in the Asterinidae. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46(3): 243-254. Clark, A. M., & Downey, M. E. 1992. Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall (Natural History Museum Publications): London. 794 pp, 75 figs, 113 pis. Clark, H. L. 1921. The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Publication of the Carnegie Institution of Washington No. 214\ i-viii, 1-223 pp, 38 pis. Clark, H. L. 1938. Echinoderms from Australia. An account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 55: 1-596, 28 pis, 63 figs. Goto, S. 1914. A descriptive monograph of Japanese Asteroidea. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 9(1): 1-808, 19 pis. Gray, J. E. 1840. A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1) 6: 175-184; 275-290. Hayashi, R. 1974. A new sea-star from Japan, Asterina minor sp. nov.. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology 10: 41-44. Koehler, R. 1910. An account of the shallow-water Asteroidea. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum 6(2): 1-183, pis 1-20. Livingstone, A. A. 1933. Some genera and species of the Asterinidae. Records of the Australian Museum 19: 1-20, pis 1-5. Marsh, L.M. 1977. Coral reef asteroids of Palau. Micronesica 13(2): 251-282. Martens von, E. 1866. Ueber ostasiatische Echinodermen 3. Seesterne des indischen Archipels. Archivfiir Naturgeschichte 32: 57-92. Mortensen, Th. 1940. Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran 2: 55-112, pis 1, 2. Ejnar Munksgaard: Copenhagen. Muller, J. & Troschel, F. H. 1842. System der Asteriden. xx+134 pp, 12 pis. Braunschweig. O’Loughlin, P. M. 2009. New asterinid species from Africa and Australia (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Asterinidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 66: 203-213. O’Loughlin, P. M & Mackenzie, M. 2013. Asterinid seastars from the Mozambique Channel (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Asterinidae). Zootaxa 3613 (2): 176-180. O’Loughlin, P. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. 2005. A new asterinid genus from the Indo-West Pacific region, including five new species (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Asterinidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62(2): 181-189. O’Loughlin, P. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. 2006. A systematic revision of the asterinid genus Aquilonastra O’Loughlin, 2004 (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63(2): 257-287. O’Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M. 2004. A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61(1): 1-40. Saba, M. & Fujita, T. 2006. Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Sagami Sea, Central Japan. 1. Paxillosida and Valvatida. Memoirs of the National Science Museum 41: 251-287. Sampey, A., Bryce, C., Osborne, S & Miles, A. 2014. Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: introduction and methods. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 84: 19-43. Sampey, A, & Marsh, L. M. 2015. Kimberley Marine Biota. Historical data: Echinoderms. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 84: 207-246. (in preparation) Smith, G.A. 1927. A collection of echinoderms from China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9(20): 272-279. Verrill, A. E. 1867. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. 1. Descriptions of new starfishes from New Zealand. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 1(2)5: 247-251. [Also in: Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (1880) 12(34): 278-283] Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73:41-46 (2015) Published 2015 ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/about/books-and-journals/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/ A new species of Halopteris (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) and redescription of Plumularia rotunda from Victoria, Australia Jeanette E. Watson Honorary Research Associate, Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, RO. Box 666, Melbourne, Australia, 3001. email: hydroidw@gmail.com Abstract Watson, J.E. 2015. A new species of Halopteris (hydrozoa: leptothecata) and redescription of Plumularia rotunda from Victoria, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 73: 41-46. Halopteris urcoelata sp. nov. is described from Port Phillip. Plumularia rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911 is redescribed from the adjacent Victorian coast and its relationship to Plumularia wilsoni Bale, 1926 discussed. Keywords Victorian coast, Halopteris urceolata sp. nov., Plumularia rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911, Plumularia wilsoni Bale, 1926. Introduction This paper reports on three species of hydroids, Halopteris urceolata newly described from Port Phillip, Victoria, and Plumularia rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911, poorly known from the central Victorian coast. The status and relationships of Plumularia rotunda to a closely related species, Plumularia wilsoni Bale, 1926 is examined. Type and voucher material is lodged in Museum Victoria (NMV). Halopteris urceolata sp. nov. Figure 1A-F Material examined. NMV F207310, holotype, malinol mounted microslide, infertile colony on the bryozoan Amathia tortuosa, coll: J. Watson, St Leonards pier, Port Phillip, 29/10/2012, depth 2 m; NMV F207310, remainder of holotype colony preserved in 70% ethanol. Description. Hydrorhiza a smooth tubular stolon of same diameter as stem, running along branches of the bryozoan host, giving off single delicate stems at irregular intervals. Stems to 15 mm high, straight, monosiphonic, cylindrical, with one or two basal ahydrocladiate internodes with weakly oblique to transverse nodes, distalmost node strongly oblique, following internodes alternately athecate and thecate, athecate internode with transverse proximal and strongly oblique distal node. Hydrocladia alternate, planar, basal hydrocladia opposite in some stems. Apophysis of stem cylindrical with transverse distal node. Hydrocladia with up to five hydrothecae, arising from behind frontal cauline hydrotheca, sometimes a short secondary hydrocladium bearing two or three hydrothecae given off from behind first hydrocladial hydrotheca. Hydrocladial internodes alternately athecate and thecate; thecate internode with oblique nodes, distal node sometimes reduced to a notch in perisarc, athecate internode with a single nematotheca about halfway along internode. Hydrotheca seated about halfway along thecate internode at an angle of approximately 40° to hydrocladial axis, jug¬ shaped, abcauline wall almost straight to weakly concave, slightly thickened, adcauline wall distinctly concave, floor asymmetrically curved, margin circular in anterior view, transverse to hydrothecal axis, rim slightly thickened. One or two large nematothecae on basal stem internodes and one halfway along athecate cauline internode, base of nematotheca long and slender, cup large, adcaudally foreshortened; nematothecae on hydrocladial internode, base of median inferior short and stout, cup adcaudally foreshortened, not reaching hydrothecal floor, base of paired laterals long, without pedicel, cup smaller than others, not reaching hydrothecal margin. Cnidome comprising microbasic euryteles all of same size, capsule elongate oval, 10 x 5 pm, shaft 7 pm long, spinous. Colony transparent white, perisarc thin. Remarks. It was originally considered that the species may be Plumularia campanula var. geelongensis Mulder and Trebilcock 1916, recorded by them only once from Corio Bay in Port Phillip. Careful search of the hydroid collections in Museum Victoria found no specimen of the variety geelongensis it is assumed that no specimens were ever lodged. Their figure of var. geelongensis (p.76, pi. 11, figs 2, 2a-c) shows a deep cup-shaped, straight-sided hydrotheca, suggesting that the specimen may have been a variant of Halopteris campanula (Busk, 1852), a species common in Victorian oceanic habitat. 42 J.E. Watson Figure 1A-F. Halopteris urceolata sp. nov. A, part of stem of holotype colony (NMV F207310) showing secondary branching. B, branched hydrocladium. C, median inferior nematotheca. D, twin lateral nematothecae. E, cauline nematotheca. F, microbasic eurytele. Scale bar: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C-E, 0.1 mm; F, 10 pm. Table 1. Measurements ( pm) of Halopteris urceolata Hydrorhiza, diameter of stolon 64-102 Stem internode length 576-696 width at node 100-108 Hydrocladium length of athecate internode 120-140 length of thecate internode 300-340 width at node 60-76 Hydrotheca length of adcauline wall 160-180 length of abcauline wall 112-120 diameter of margin 152-168 Nematotheca total length of cauline 176-200 total length of lateral 132-152 The secondary hydrocladial branching seen in Halopteris urceolata somewhat resembles that of Schizotricha (= Halopteris ) simplex Warren, 1914 from South Africa. The paired basal branching present in some hydrocladia of H. urceolata sometimes also occurs in Halopteris tenella (Verrill, 1874) from the North Sea (see Schuchert (1997) and also occasionally in H. campanula from southern Australia (Watson unpubl.). Schuchert (1997) mentioned difficulty in deciding whether the cnidome of Halopteris campanula comprises microbasic mastigophores or microbasic euryteles. As the present material of Halopteris urceolata was preserved prior to examination only a few partially discharged nematocysts were found; these suggest that the cnidome probably also comprises microbasic euryteles. Ecology. The species occurs in sheltered habitat on jetty piles. Etymology. Named for the jug-shaped hydrotheca. A new species of Halopteris (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) and redescription of Plumularia rotunda from Victoria, Australia 43 Plumularia rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911 Figure 2A-G Plumularia delicatula var. rotunda Mulder and Trebilcock, 1911: 116, pi. 2, fig. 2. Plumularia rotunda Bale, 1919: 343, pi. 17, fig. 1.- Stranks, 1993: 13.-Bouillon et al., 2006: 370. Material examined. NMV F57984, microslide, Museum Victoria Trebilcock collection, labelled “Type, Plumularia delicatula var. rotunda Bream Creek”; NMV F207643 microslide, malinol mounted, coll: J. Watson 15/04/2012, reef 21 m deep, 1.5 km off Barwon Heads, Victoria. Description (from live, preserved and mounted material). Colony infertile, hydrorhiza a rugose stolon with internal flexion joints. Stems straight, monosiphonic, to 7 mm high, of same diameter throughout, basal one third to half of stems ahydrocladiate with some transverse joints and cauline nematothecae, apophyses at sites of previously shed hydrocladia. Stem internodes short, straight, expanding a little distally, nodes oblique to transverse, some a deep V-shaped joint, younger internodes without internal septa, older ones with several transverse intranodal septa. Hydrocladia alternate, planar, given off at or near distal cauline internode, apophysis short, proximal node transverse or slightly oblique, distal node a broad transverse shoulder. Hydrocladium with one or usually two hydrothecae, proximal athecate internode short, expanding distally from apophysis, with one or two deep transverse internal septa and deep indentations in perisarc, occasionally athecate internode extended distally by several secondary nodes; if two or more hydrothecae present on hydrocladium, these separated by a long athecate internode with internal septa, often bearing a median nematotheca. Hydrotheca occupying two thirds of internode, base of internode straight below hydrotheca; infrathecal hydrothecal chamber large, adcauline wall of hydrotheca entirely adnate to internode, convexly curved, abcauline wall strongly convex to rounded, a hook-shaped thickening passing down from abcauline wall to margin (lateral view), appearing as a submarginal septum in anterior view. Margin of hydrotheca facing obliquely backwards, sub-rectangular in anterior view, rim weakly lobate, in lateral view partly obscured by submarginal septum and abcauline wall. Hydranth with about 18 tentacles. Nematothecae all of same size, base conical, cup quadrangular in outline, wall slightly adcaudally foreshortened, one about halfway along and closely adpressed to stem internode, one in axil of apophysis, one median behind infrathecal chamber, base slightly wider than others; twin laterals with slender base below hydrotheca, not reaching hydrothecal margin. Cauline perisarc thick, stem pale brown at base fading to colourless or white below first hydrocladium. Remarks. This redescription of Plumularia rotunda from fresh material augments the descriptions of Mulder and Trebilcock (1911) and Bale (1919). Table 2. Measurements (/